Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2010 Mar;46(2):428-36. doi: 10.1037/a0018410.
This research examined the effects of bimodal audiovisual and unimodal visual stimulation on infants' memory for the visual orientation of a moving toy hammer following a 5-min, 2-week, or 1-month retention interval. According to the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (L. E. Bahrick & R. Lickliter, 2000; L. E. Bahrick, R. Lickliter, & R. Flom, 2004) detection of and memory for nonredundantly specified properties, including the visual orientation of an event, are facilitated in unimodal stimulation and attenuated in bimodal stimulation in early development. Later in development, however, nonredundantly specified properties can be perceived and remembered in both multimodal and unimodal stimulation. The current study extended tests of these predictions to the domain of memory in infants of 3, 5, and 9 months of age. Consistent with predictions of the intersensory redundancy hypothesis, in unimodal stimulation, memory for visual orientation emerged by 5 months and remained stable across age, whereas in bimodal stimulation, memory did not emerge until 9 months of age. Memory for orientation was evident even after a 1-month delay and was expressed as a shifting preference, from novelty to null to familiarity, across increasing retention time, consistent with Bahrick and colleagues' four-phase model of attention. Together, these findings indicate that infant memory for nonredundantly specified properties of events is a consequence of selective attention to those event properties and is facilitated in unimodal stimulation. Memory for nonredundantly specified properties thus emerges in unimodal stimulation, is later extended to bimodal stimulation, and lasts across a period of at least 1 month.
本研究考察了在 5 分钟、2 周和 1 个月的记忆保留间隔后,双模态视听刺激和单模态视觉刺激对婴儿对移动玩具锤视觉方向记忆的影响。根据感觉冗余假说(L. E. Bahrick 和 R. Lickliter,2000;L. E. Bahrick、R. Lickliter 和 R. Flom,2004),在早期发展中,对非冗余指定属性的检测和记忆,包括事件的视觉方向,在单模态刺激中得到促进,而在双模态刺激中则减弱。然而,在后期发展中,非冗余指定的属性可以在多模态和单模态刺激中被感知和记住。本研究将这些预测扩展到了 3、5 和 9 个月大的婴儿的记忆领域。与感觉冗余假说的预测一致,在单模态刺激中,视觉方向的记忆在 5 个月时出现,并在整个年龄阶段保持稳定,而在双模态刺激中,记忆直到 9 个月时才出现。即使在 1 个月的延迟后,也能看到对方向的记忆,表现为从新奇到零到熟悉的转变,这与 Bahrick 及其同事的注意力四阶段模型一致。总之,这些发现表明,婴儿对事件非冗余指定属性的记忆是对这些事件属性选择性注意的结果,并在单模态刺激中得到促进。因此,对非冗余指定属性的记忆首先出现在单模态刺激中,然后扩展到双模态刺激,并且至少持续 1 个月。