School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012 Jan;219(2):575-86. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2486-y. Epub 2011 Sep 21.
Reflection impulsivity-a failure to gather and evaluate information before making a decision-is a critical component of risk-taking and substance use behaviours, which are highly prevalent during adolescence.
The Information Sampling Test was used to assess reflection impulsivity in 175 adolescents (mean age 18.3, range 16.5-20; 55% female)-48 cannabis users (2.3 years use, 10.8 days/month), 65 alcohol users, and 62 non-substance-using controls-recruited from a longitudinal cohort and from the general community and matched for education and IQ. Cannabis and alcohol users were matched on levels of alcohol consumption.
Cannabis users sampled to the lowest degree of certainty before making a decision on the task. Group differences remained significant after controlling for relevant substance use and clinical confounds (e.g., anxiety, depressive symptoms, alcohol, and ecstasy use). Poor performance on multiple IST indices was associated with an earlier age of onset of regular cannabis use and greater duration of exposure to cannabis, after controlling for recent use. Alcohol users did not differ from controls on any IST measure.
Exposure to cannabis during adolescence is associated with increased risky and impulsive decision making, with users adopting strategies with higher levels of uncertainty and inefficient utilisation of information. The young cannabis users did show sensitivity to losses, suggesting that greater impulsivity early in their drug using career is more evident when there is a lack of negative consequences. This provides a window of opportunity for intervention before the onset of cannabis dependence.
在做出决策之前未能收集和评估信息的反射冲动，是冒险和物质使用行为的关键组成部分，这些行为在青少年时期非常普遍。
使用信息采样测试来评估 175 名青少年（平均年龄 18.3 岁，范围 16.5-20 岁；55%为女性）的反射冲动，其中 48 名大麻使用者（使用 2.3 年，每月 10.8 天）、65 名酒精使用者和 62 名非物质使用者对照，他们是从纵向队列和普通社区招募的，并根据教育程度和智商进行匹配。大麻和酒精使用者根据酒精摄入量进行匹配。
大麻使用者在任务决策前的确定性最低。在控制了相关物质使用和临床混杂因素（例如焦虑、抑郁症状、酒精和摇头丸使用）后，组间差异仍然显著。在控制了近期使用情况后，在多个 IST 指标上表现不佳与定期大麻使用的发病年龄较早和暴露于大麻的时间更长有关。酒精使用者在任何 IST 测量上都与对照组没有差异。
青少年时期接触大麻与冒险和冲动的决策增加有关，使用者采用了更高不确定性和信息利用效率低下的策略。年轻的大麻使用者确实对损失表现出敏感性，这表明在缺乏负面后果的情况下，他们在药物使用生涯早期的冲动性更强。这为在大麻依赖发作之前进行干预提供了机会。
