Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2012 Mar;38(2):488-94. doi: 10.1037/a0025683. Epub 2011 Sep 26.
Research from the past decades has shown that retrieval of a specific memory (e.g., retrieving part of a previous vacation) typically attenuates retrieval of other memories (e.g., memories for other details of the event), causing retrieval-induced forgetting. More recently, however, it has been shown that retrieval can both attenuate and aid recall of other memories (K.-H. T. Bäuml & A. Samenieh, 2010). To identify the circumstances under which retrieval aids recall, the authors examined retrieval dynamics in listwise directed forgetting, context-dependent forgetting, proactive interference, and in the absence of any induced memory impairment. They found beneficial effects of selective retrieval in listwise directed forgetting and context-dependent forgetting but detrimental effects in all the other conditions. Because context-dependent forgetting and listwise directed forgetting arguably reflect impaired context access, the results suggest that memory retrieval aids recall of memories that are subject to impaired context access but attenuates recall in the absence of such circumstances. The findings are consistent with a 2-factor account of memory retrieval and suggest the existence of 2 faces of memory retrieval.
过去几十年的研究表明，特定记忆的提取（例如，回忆之前度假的部分内容）通常会削弱其他记忆（例如，对事件其他细节的记忆）的提取，从而导致提取诱导的遗忘。然而，最近的研究表明，提取既可以削弱也可以帮助回忆其他记忆（K.-H.T. Bäuml 和 A. Samenieh，2010）。为了确定提取有助于回忆的情况，作者在列表定向遗忘、情境依存性遗忘、前摄干扰以及没有任何诱导性记忆损伤的情况下检查了提取动态。他们发现选择性提取在列表定向遗忘和情境依存性遗忘中具有有益的效果，但在所有其他条件下则具有有害的效果。由于情境依存性遗忘和列表定向遗忘可以说是反映了受损的情境访问，因此结果表明，记忆提取有助于回忆那些受到受损情境访问影响的记忆，但在没有这种情况时会削弱回忆。这些发现与记忆提取的双因素理论一致，并表明记忆提取存在两个方面。
