Human biomonitoring in the Czech Republic: an overview.

In the Czech Republic, the Human Biomonitoring Project (CZ-HBM) was launched in 1994 as an integral part of the nationwide Environmental Health Monitoring System (EHMS). Until now, the HBM covers two time periods: the first covered 1994-2003 and the second, 2005-2009. Altogether three population groups were included in the HBM: adults (blood donors aged 18-58 years), children aged 8-10 years, and breastfeeding primiparas. Sampling is organized on a yearly basis. Altogether three groups of biomarkers were analyzed: (a) selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and essential elements (Cu, Se, Zn) in blood and urine of adults and children, (b) indicator PCBs, DDT, DDE, HCB and HCHs in human milk and blood serum of adults and (c) cytogenetic changes in peripheral lymphocytes in blood of adults and children. This paper is focused on the general design of the CZ-HBM, the trends over time, and reference values. A significant downward time trend was observed for the blood lead levels in adults and children. Increased urinary cadmium levels were observed in Czech children compared to German children. The blood and urinary mercury levels were higher in women than in men. The levels of indicator PCB congeners in the Czech human milk samples were still higher than in most other European countries, because of existing hot spots. The levels of organochlorine pesticides showed a substantial continuous downward trend.