Accident Research Unit, Hanover Medical School, Germany.
Accid Anal Prev. 2012 Jan;44(1):149-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.006. Epub 2011 Jan 7.
Within a study of accident data from GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study), vulnerable road users are investigated regarding injury risk in traffic accidents. GIDAS is the largest in-depth accident study in Germany. Due to a well-defined sampling plan, representativeness with respect to the federal statistics is also guaranteed. A hierarchical system ACASS (Accident Causation Analysis with Seven Steps) was developed in GIDAS, describing the human causation factors in a chronological sequence. The accordingly classified causation factors - derived from the systematic of the analysis of human accident causes ("7 steps") - can be used to describe the influence of accident causes on the injury outcome. The bases of the study are accident documentations over ten years from 1999 to 2008 with 8204 vulnerable road users (VRU), of which 3 different groups were selected as pedestrians n=2041, motorcyclists n=2199 and bicyclists n=3964, and analyzed on collisions with cars and trucks as well as vulnerable road users alone. The paper will give a description of the injury pattern and injury mechanisms of accidents. The injury frequencies and severities are pointed out considering different types of VRU and protective measures of helmet and clothes of the human body. The impact points are demonstrated on the car, following to conclusion of protective measures on the vehicle. Existing standards of protection devices as well as interdisciplinary research, including accident and injury statistics, are described. With this paper, a summarization of the existing possibilities on protective measures for pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists is given and discussed by comparison of all three groups of vulnerable road users. Also the relevance of special impact situations and accident causes mainly responsible for severe injuries are pointed out, given the new orientation of research for the avoidance and reduction of accident patterns.
在 GIDAS（德国深入事故研究）的事故数据研究中，研究了弱势道路使用者在交通事故中的受伤风险。GIDAS 是德国最大的深入事故研究。由于有明确的抽样计划，因此也保证了相对于联邦统计数据的代表性。在 GIDAS 中开发了一个分层系统 ACASS（七步事故因果分析），按时间顺序描述了人为因果因素。相应分类的因果因素 - 源自人类事故原因分析系统（“七步”） - 可用于描述事故原因对伤害结果的影响。该研究的基础是 1999 年至 2008 年十年间的事故记录，涉及 8204 名弱势道路使用者（VRU），其中选择了 3 个不同的群体作为行人 n=2041、摩托车手 n=2199 和骑自行车的人 n=3964，并分析了与汽车和卡车以及弱势道路使用者单独发生的碰撞。本文将描述事故的伤害模式和伤害机制。考虑到不同类型的 VRU 和头盔和衣物对人体的保护措施，指出了伤害频率和严重程度。根据车辆的保护措施，在车辆上演示了撞击点。描述了现有的保护装置标准以及跨学科研究，包括事故和伤害统计数据。通过本文，通过比较所有三个弱势道路使用者群体，对行人、骑自行车的人和摩托车手的现有保护措施的可能性进行了总结和讨论。还指出了特殊撞击情况和主要导致重伤的事故原因的相关性，这是为避免和减少事故模式而进行新的研究方向。
