Pandolfi F, Cianci R, Pagliari D, Casciano F, Bagalà C, Astone A, Landolfi R, Barone C
Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:894704. doi: 10.1155/2011/894704. Epub 2011 Dec 5.
Until recently cancer medical therapy was limited to chemotherapy that could not differentiate cancer cells from normal cells. More recently with the remarkable mushroom of immunology, newer tools became available, resulting in the novel possibility to attack cancer with the specificity of the immune system. Herein we will review some of the recent achievement of immunotherapy in such aggressive cancers as melanoma, prostatic cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies. Immunotherapy of tumors has developed several techniques: immune cell transfer, vaccines, immunobiological molecules such as monoclonal antibodies that improve the immune responses to tumors. This can be achieved by blocking pathways limiting the immune response, such as CTLA-4 or Tregs. Immunotherapy may also use cytokines especially proinflammatory cytokines to enhance the activity of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The role of newly discovered cytokines remains to be investigated. Alternatively, an other mechanism consists in enhancing the expression of TAAs on tumor cells. Finally, monoclonal antibodies may be used to target oncogenes.
直到最近，癌症医学治疗还局限于无法区分癌细胞与正常细胞的化疗。最近，随着免疫学的显著发展，出现了更新的工具，从而带来了利用免疫系统的特异性攻击癌症的新可能性。在此，我们将回顾免疫疗法在黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、结直肠癌和血液系统恶性肿瘤等侵袭性癌症中的一些最新成果。肿瘤免疫疗法已经开发出多种技术：免疫细胞转移、疫苗、免疫生物分子（如单克隆抗体），这些可改善对肿瘤的免疫反应。这可以通过阻断限制免疫反应的途径来实现，如细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA-4）或调节性T细胞（Tregs）。免疫疗法也可能使用细胞因子，特别是促炎细胞因子，以增强源自肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TILs）的细胞毒性T细胞（CTLs）的活性。新发现的细胞因子的作用仍有待研究。另外，另一种机制是增强肿瘤细胞上肿瘤相关抗原（TAAs）的表达。最后，单克隆抗体可用于靶向癌基因。
