IMARES, Wageningen UR, Yerseke, The Netherlands.
Fish Physiol Biochem. 2012 Feb;38(1):243-57. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9596-7. Epub 2012 Jan 26.
The objective was to take a first step in the development of a process-oriented quality assurance (QA) system for monitoring and safeguarding of fish welfare at a company level. A process-oriented approach is focused on preventing hazards and involves establishment of critical steps in a process that requires careful control. The seven principles of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) concept were used as a framework to establish the QA system. HACCP is an internationally agreed approach for management of food safety, which was adapted for the purpose of safeguarding and monitoring the welfare of farmed fish. As the main focus of this QA system is farmed fish welfare assurance at a company level, it was named Fish Welfare Assurance System (FWAS). In this paper we present the initial steps of setting up FWAS for on growing of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Four major hazards were selected, which were fish species dependent. Critical Control Points (CCPs) that need to be controlled to minimize or avoid the four hazards are presented. For FWAS, monitoring of CCPs at a farm level is essential. For monitoring purposes, Operational Welfare Indicators (OWIs) are needed to establish whether critical biotic, abiotic, managerial and environmental factors are controlled. For the OWIs we present critical limits/target values. A critical limit is the maximum or minimum value to which a factor must be controlled at a critical control point to prevent, eliminate or reduce a hazard to an acceptable level. For managerial factors target levels are more appropriate than critical limits. Regarding the international trade of farmed fish products, we propose that FWAS needs to be standardized in aquaculture chains. For this standardization a consensus on the concept of fish welfare, methods to assess welfare objectively and knowledge on the needs of farmed fish are required.
本研究旨在为公司层面的鱼类福利监测和保障开发一个面向过程的质量保证（QA）系统。面向过程的方法侧重于预防危害，并涉及到在需要仔细控制的过程中建立关键步骤。危害分析关键控制点（HACCP）概念的七个原则被用作建立 QA 系统的框架。HACCP 是一种国际公认的食品安全管理方法，它被改编用于保护和监测养殖鱼类的福利。由于该 QA 系统的主要重点是在公司层面上确保养殖鱼类的福利，因此将其命名为鱼类福利保障系统（FWAS）。在本文中，我们介绍了为鲈鱼（Dicentrarchus labrax）、鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）和欧洲鳗鲡（Anguilla anguilla）的后期养殖建立 FWAS 的初步步骤。选择了四个主要的与鱼类种类相关的危害，这些危害需要通过控制关键控制点（CCPs）来最小化或避免。对于 FWAS，在农场层面进行 CCP 监测至关重要。为了监测目的，需要使用操作性福利指标（OWIs）来确定关键的生物、非生物、管理和环境因素是否得到控制。对于 OWIs，我们提出了关键限制/目标值。关键限制是指在关键控制点上必须控制的因素的最大值或最小值，以将危害降低到可接受的水平。对于管理因素，目标水平比关键限制更合适。关于养殖鱼类产品的国际贸易，我们建议在水产养殖链中标准化 FWAS。为此，需要就鱼类福利的概念、客观评估福利的方法以及养殖鱼类的需求达成共识。
