Oerskovia xanthineolytica implicated in peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis: case report and review of Oerskovia infections in humans.

Oerskovia species are nocardialike bacteria that have been implicated as pathogens only rarely. These organisms are branched, gram-positive bacilli that are oxidase negative, catalase positive, and non-acid fast. Unlike Nocardia species, these organisms are motile, do not produce aerial mycelia, and possess a cell wall with large amounts of galactose. Colonies are bright yellow and produce branched vegetative hyphae on nutrient agar. A 70-year-old patient undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal dysfunction developed recurrent peritonitis. Five peritoneal fluid cultures and one catheter specimen obtained over a period of two weeks yielded a gram-positive bacillus; Oerskovia xanthineolytica was isolated from all six cultures. Prolonged systemic therapy with gentamicin and vancomycin was unsuccessful in curing the peritonitis, but the infection resolved following removal of the peritoneal catheter. This is the first reported case of peritonitis associated with this microorganism. A review of previously described Oerskovia infections, most of which were associated with foreign bodies, showed that removal of infected foci was usually necessary for cure.