Serkova Natalie J, Brown Mark S
Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center Animal Imaging Core, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Bioanalysis. 2012 Feb;4(3):321-41. doi: 10.4155/bio.11.320.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (called NMR for ex vivo techniques and MRS for in vivo techniques) has become a useful analytical and diagnostic tool in biomedicine. In the past two decades, an MR-based spectroscopic approach for translational and clinical research has emerged that allows for biochemical characterization of the tissue of interest either ex vivo (NMR-based metabolomics) or in vivo (localized MRS-single voxel or multivoxel-spectroscopic imaging). The greatest advantages of MRS techniques are their ability to detect multiple tissue-specific metabolites in a single experiment, their quantitative nature and translational component (in vitro/ex vivo-discovered metabolic biomarkers can be translated into noninvasive spectroscopic imaging protocols). Disadvantages of MRS include low sensitivity and spectral resolution and, in case of NMR-metabolomics, metabolite degradation and incomplete recovery in processed samples. In vivo MRS has worse spectral resolution than ex vivo high-resolution NMR due to the inherently wider lines of metabolites in vivo and the difficulty of using traditional line-narrowing methods (e.g., sample spinning). It also suffers from poor time-resolution, therefore offering fewer metabolic biomarkers to be followed in vivo. In the present review article, we provide considerations for establishing reliable protocols (both in vivo and ex vivo) for metabolite detection, recovery and quantification from in vivo and ex vivo MR spectra.
核磁共振波谱法（体外技术称为NMR，体内技术称为MRS）已成为生物医学中一种有用的分析和诊断工具。在过去二十年中，出现了一种基于磁共振的光谱方法用于转化和临床研究，该方法能够在体外（基于NMR的代谢组学）或体内（局部MRS——单体素或多体素光谱成像）对感兴趣的组织进行生化表征。MRS技术的最大优势在于其能够在单个实验中检测多种组织特异性代谢物、具有定量特性以及转化成分（体外/离体发现的代谢生物标志物可转化为无创光谱成像方案）。MRS的缺点包括灵敏度和光谱分辨率低，以及在NMR代谢组学的情况下，处理后的样品中代谢物降解和回收率不完全。由于体内代谢物的谱线固有地更宽以及使用传统谱线变窄方法（如样品旋转）存在困难，体内MRS的光谱分辨率比体外高分辨率NMR差。它还存在时间分辨率差的问题，因此在体内可追踪的代谢生物标志物较少。在本综述文章中，我们提供了关于建立可靠方案（包括体内和体外）的考虑因素，用于从体内和体外磁共振波谱中检测、回收和定量代谢物。
