Riscuta Gabriela, Dumitrescu Ramona G
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2012;863:343-58. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_22.
Nutrigenomics refers to the interaction between one's diet and his/her genes. These interactions can markedly influence digestion, absorption, and the elimination of bioactive food components, as well as influence their site of actions/molecular targets. Nutrigenomics comprises nutrigenetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomics, coupled with other "omic," such as proteomics and metabolomics, that apparently account for the wide variability in cancer risk among individuals with similar dietary habits. Multiple food components including essential nutrients, phytochemical, zoochemicals, fungochemical, and bacterochemicals have been implicated in cancer risk and tumor behavior, admittedly with mixed results. Such findings suggest that not all individuals respond identically to a diet. This chapter highlights the influence of single-nucleotide polymorphism, copy number, epigenetic events, and transcriptomic homeostasis as factors influencing the response to food components and ultimately health, including cancer risk. Both breast and colorectal cancers are reviewed as examples about how nutrigenomics may influence the response to dietary intakes. As the concept that "one size fits all" comes to an end and personalized approaches surface, additional research data will be required to identify those who will benefit most from dietary change and any who might be placed at risk because of an adjustment.
营养基因组学是指一个人的饮食与其基因之间的相互作用。这些相互作用可显著影响生物活性食物成分的消化、吸收和排泄，以及影响它们的作用位点/分子靶点。营养基因组学包括营养遗传学、表观遗传学和转录组学，以及其他“组学”，如蛋白质组学和代谢组学，这些显然解释了饮食习惯相似的个体之间癌症风险的广泛差异。包括必需营养素、植物化学物、动物化学物、真菌化学物和细菌化学物在内的多种食物成分与癌症风险和肿瘤行为有关，诚然结果不一。这些发现表明，并非所有个体对饮食的反应都相同。本章重点介绍单核苷酸多态性、拷贝数、表观遗传事件和转录组稳态作为影响对食物成分反应以及最终影响健康（包括癌症风险）的因素所起的作用。本文将乳腺癌和结直肠癌作为营养基因组学如何影响对饮食摄入反应的例子进行综述。随着“一刀切”观念的终结和个性化方法的出现，将需要更多的研究数据来确定哪些人将从饮食改变中获益最大，以及哪些人可能因调整饮食而面临风险。
