Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
Water Res. 2012 Jul;46(11):3682-92. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.012. Epub 2012 Apr 17.
Pollutants, brought into a swimming pool by bathers, will react with chlorine to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). Some of these DBPs are found to be respiratory and ocular irritant and might be associated with asthma, or might even be carcinogenic. As DBPs in swimming pools are formed from bather-shed-pollutants, a reduction of these pollutants will lead to a reduction of DBPs. Until now, however, the release of pollutants by bathers has not been studied in detail. The study described in this paper focuses on the release of these pollutants, further called anthropogenic pollutants. The objective was to define and quantify the initial anthropogenic pollutants, by using a standardised shower cabin and a standardised showering protocol in laboratory time-series experiments and on-site experiments in swimming pools. The time-series experiments resulted in a definition of the initial anthropogenic pollutant release: the amount of pollutants released from a person in a standardised shower cabin during the first 60 s of showering. The data from the time-series experiments were used to create a model of pollutant release. The model can be used to predict the initial anthropogenic pollutant release as well as the effects of showering. On-site experiments were performed at four different swimming pools, including one outdoor pool. Results of these on-site showering experiments correspond with the time-series and model outcomes. Anthropogenic pollutant release (both chemical and microbiological) in swimming pool water can be reduced by pre-swim showering, very likely resulting in decreased DBPs formation and chlorine demand.
污染物会随游泳者进入泳池，并与氯发生反应形成消毒副产物 (DBPs)。一些 DBPs 具有呼吸和眼部刺激性，可能与哮喘有关，甚至具有致癌性。由于泳池中的 DBPs 是由游泳者带入的污染物形成的，因此减少这些污染物将有助于降低 DBPs 的生成。然而，到目前为止，还没有详细研究游泳者释放的污染物。本文研究的重点是这些污染物的释放，进一步称为人为污染物。目标是通过在实验室时间序列实验和泳池现场实验中使用标准化淋浴室和标准化淋浴方案，定义和量化初始人为污染物。时间序列实验确定了初始人为污染物的释放：在标准化淋浴室淋浴的最初 60 秒内，一个人从淋浴中释放的污染物数量。时间序列实验的数据用于创建污染物释放模型。该模型可用于预测初始人为污染物的释放以及淋浴的影响。在四个不同的泳池，包括一个户外泳池，进行了现场淋浴实验。这些现场淋浴实验的结果与时间序列和模型结果一致。通过游泳前淋浴，可以减少泳池水中的人为污染物（包括化学污染物和微生物污染物）释放，很可能会减少 DBPs 的形成和氯的需求。
