Dept. of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jul 1;429:123-55. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.028. Epub 2012 May 12.
This review focuses on 118 pharmaceuticals, belonging to seventeen different therapeutic classes, detected in raw urban wastewater and effluent from an activated sludge system, a usual treatment adopted for urban wastewaters worldwide prior to final discharge into surface water bodies. Data pertaining to 244 conventional activated sludge systems and 20 membrane biological reactors are analysed and the observed ranges of variability of each selected compound in their influent and effluent reported, with particular reference to the substances detected most frequently and in higher concentrations. A snapshot of the ability of these systems to remove such compounds is provided by comparing their global removal efficiencies for each substance. Where possible, the study then evaluates the average daily mass load of the majority of detected pharmaceuticals exiting the secondary treatment step. The final part of the review provides an assessment of the environmental risk posed by their presence in the secondary effluent by means of the risk quotient that is the ratio between the average pharmaceutical concentration measured in the secondary effluent and the predicted no-effect concentration. Finally, mass load rankings of the compounds under review are compared with those based on their risk level. This analysis shows that the highest amounts discharged through secondary effluent pertain to one antihypertensive, and several beta-blockers and analgesics/anti-inflammatories, while the highest risk is posed by antibiotics and several psychiatric drugs and analgesics/anti-inflammatories. These results are reported with a view to aiding scientists and administrators in planning measures aiming to reduce the impact of treated urban wastewater discharge into surface water bodies.
本综述重点关注了 118 种药品，它们属于十七个不同的治疗类别，这些药品在未经处理的城市废水中以及在活性污泥系统的出水中被检测到，这是全球范围内处理城市废水的常用方法，然后再将废水最终排放到地表水体中。分析了涉及 244 个传统活性污泥系统和 20 个膜生物反应器的数据，并报告了每种选定化合物在进水和出水时的可变性范围，特别提到了检测到的最频繁和浓度较高的物质。通过比较这些系统对每种物质的总体去除效率，提供了这些系统去除这些化合物的能力的快照。在可能的情况下，研究评估了大多数从二级处理步骤中排出的检测到的药物的平均日质量负荷。综述的最后一部分通过风险商数（即二级出水中测量的平均药物浓度与预测无影响浓度的比值）评估了它们在二级出水中存在所带来的环境风险。最后，对所审查的化合物的质量负荷排名与基于其风险水平的排名进行了比较。该分析表明，通过二级出水排放的最高量与一种抗高血压药物以及几种β受体阻滞剂和镇痛药/消炎药有关，而抗生素以及几种精神药物和镇痛药/消炎药则构成了最高的风险。这些结果的报告旨在帮助科学家和管理人员规划旨在减少处理后的城市废水排放对地表水体影响的措施。
