Department of Psychology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2012 Aug;27(5):473-9. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acs050. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
Neuropsychological baseline testing is commonplace in the assessment of concussion; however, claims of "sandbagging" the baseline have led neuropsychologists to ask to what extent athletes can perform intentionally poorly on baseline testing without reaching threshold on the test validity indicators. Seventy-five undergraduate athletes were re-administered the ImPACT neurocognitive battery, which they had previously taken to establish baseline functioning, but were instructed to perform more poorly than their baseline without reaching threshold on the test validity indicators. Eight participants were able to successfully fake significantly lower scores without detection by validity indicators. Concussion history was not related to performance. Successful fakers did not perform significantly worse on the Reaction Time Composite and Three Letters Total Letters Correct, questioning the utility of these measures for detecting "sandbagging." Successful fakers reported using less purposeful faking strategies which naturally facilitated errors. The data suggest that "sandbagging" the baseline, even under conditions involving motivation, instruction, and experience with the test, is difficult to accomplish without being detected.
神经心理学基础测试在脑震荡评估中很常见；然而，有人声称“故意压低基础测试分数”，这使得神经心理学家开始质疑运动员在基础测试中不达到测试有效性指标的阈值的情况下，能够在多大程度上故意表现不佳。75 名大学生运动员重新接受了 ImPACT 神经认知测试，他们之前曾进行过该测试以确定基础功能，但被要求表现得比基础测试差，而不达到测试有效性指标的阈值。有 8 名参与者成功地在没有被有效性指标检测到的情况下，显著降低了分数。脑震荡病史与表现无关。成功的造假者在反应时间综合和三个字母总字母正确方面的表现没有明显更差，这对这些措施用于检测“故意压低分数”的有效性提出了质疑。成功的造假者报告说使用的有意造假策略较少，这自然导致了错误的发生。数据表明，即使在涉及动机、指导和对测试的经验的情况下，不被检测到而“故意压低分数”也是很难做到的。
