School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
J Clin Pathol. 2012 Nov;65(11):970-5. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-200812. Epub 2012 Jun 9.
Bladder cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and cause of cancer-related deaths in men and eighth in women. Patients with bladder cancer undergo repeated cystoscopic examinations of the bladder to monitor for tumour recurrence which is invasive, costly and lacks accuracy. Therefore, the development of non-invasive urine based tests for the early detection of bladder cancer would be of tremendous benefit to both patients and healthcare systems. A number of urine based markers are available for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer. The diagnosis of bladder cancer relies on identifying malignant cells in the urine. All urinary markers have a higher sensitivity as compared with cytology but they score lower in specificity. Many soluble and cell based markers have been developed. Only two of the soluble and cell based markers have obtained the Food and Drug Administration approval. In the current review, the most recent literature of urinary markers is summarised. This article reports some of the more prominent urine markers and new technologies used nowadays.
膀胱癌是男性中第四大常见恶性肿瘤和癌症相关死亡原因，在女性中则为第八大常见原因。膀胱癌患者需要反复进行膀胱镜检查以监测肿瘤复发，这种检查具有侵袭性、费用高且准确性不足。因此，开发用于早期检测膀胱癌的非侵入性尿液检测方法将极大地有益于患者和医疗保健系统。目前已有多种基于尿液的标志物可用于膀胱癌的早期诊断。膀胱癌的诊断依赖于识别尿液中的恶性细胞。与细胞学检查相比，所有尿液标志物的敏感性都更高，但特异性较低。已经开发出许多可溶性和基于细胞的标志物。只有两种可溶性和基于细胞的标志物获得了美国食品和药物管理局的批准。在本次综述中，总结了最新的尿液标志物文献。本文报告了一些更为突出的尿液标志物和当今使用的新技术。
