Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul;9(3):569-87. doi: 10.1007/s13311-012-0131-z.
Psychiatric research applications of electroencephalography (EEG), the earliest approach to imaging human cortical brain activity, are attracting increasing scientific and clinical interest. For more than 40 years, EEG research has attempted to characterize and quantify the neurophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), most consistently associating it with increased frontocentral theta band activity and increased theta to beta (θ/β) power ratio during rest compared to non-ADHD controls. Recent reports suggest that while these EEG measures demonstrate strong discriminant validity for ADHD, significant EEG heterogeneity also exists across ADHD-diagnosed individuals. In particular, additional studies validating the use of the θ/β power ratio measure appear to be needed before it can be used for clinical diagnosis. In recent years, the number and the scientific quality of research reports on EEG-based neurofeedback (NF) for ADHD have grown considerably, although the studies reviewed here do not yet support NF training as a first-line, stand-alone treatment modality. In particular, more research is needed comparing NF to placebo control and other effective treatments for ADHD. Currently, after a long period of relative stasis, the neurophysiological specificity of measures used in EEG research is rapidly increasing. It is likely, therefore, that new EEG studies of ADHD using higher density recordings and new measures drawn from viewing EEG as a 3-dimensional functional imaging modality, as well as intensive re-analyses of existing EEG study data, can better characterize the neurophysiological differences between and within ADHD and non-ADHD subjects, and lead to more precise diagnostic measures and effective NF approaches.
脑电图（EEG）在精神医学研究中的应用是最早的人类皮质脑活动成像方法，正吸引着越来越多的科学和临床关注。40 多年来，EEG 研究一直试图描述和量化注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的神经生理学，最一致的发现是与 ADHD 相关的额中央θ频段活动增加，与非 ADHD 对照组相比，静息时θ频段与β频段（θ/β）功率比增加。最近的报告表明，虽然这些 EEG 测量对 ADHD 具有很强的判别有效性，但 ADHD 诊断个体之间也存在显著的 EEG 异质性。特别是，在将θ/β功率比测量值用于临床诊断之前，似乎需要进一步验证该测量值的有效性。近年来，基于 EEG 的神经反馈（NF）治疗 ADHD 的研究报告数量和科学质量都有了显著增长，尽管这里回顾的研究并不支持 NF 训练作为一线、独立的治疗方式。特别是，需要更多的研究比较 NF 与安慰剂对照和其他有效的 ADHD 治疗方法。目前，在经历了很长一段时间的相对停滞之后，EEG 研究中使用的测量方法的神经生理学特异性正在迅速提高。因此，使用更高密度的记录和将 EEG 视为三维功能成像模式的新测量方法，以及对现有 EEG 研究数据的深入重新分析，对 ADHD 的新 EEG 研究可能会更好地描述 ADHD 和非 ADHD 个体之间和内部的神经生理学差异，并导致更精确的诊断测量和有效的 NF 方法。
