School of Environmental Studies (SOES), Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India; Institute of Statistical Research & Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Oct 1;463-464:1217-24. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.057. Epub 2012 Aug 2.
A direct water intake study was conducted for one year, involving 423 individuals from three arsenic (As) affected villages of West Bengal, India. Average direct water intake per person and per unit body weight was found to be 3.12±1.17 L/day and 78.07±47.08 mL/kg/day (± SD), respectively. Average direct water intakes for adult males, adult females and children (age <15 years) were 3.95, 3.03 and 2.14 L/day, respectively. Significant sex differentials were observed between ages 16-55 years. For all participants, a sharp increase in water intake up to 15 years of age was observed followed by a plateau at a higher intake level. Significant monthly, seasonal, regional, and occupational variability was also observed. Another study involving 413 subjects determined the amount of indirect water intake. Average indirect water intake per person was 1.80±0.64 L/day; for adult males, adult females and children, intake was 2.15, 1.81, and 1.10 L/day, respectively. Average total (direct + indirect) water intake was 4.92 L/person/day; for adult males, adult females and children, total intake was 6.10, 4.84, and 3.24 L/person/day, respectively. The overall contribution of indirect water intake to total water consumption was 36.6% for all participants. This study additionally elucidated several factors that contribute to variable water intake, which can lead to better risk characterization of subpopulations and water contaminant ingestion. The study reveals that the water intake rates in the three studied populations in West Bengal are greater than the assumed water intake rates utilized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the establishment of drinking water quality guidelines; therefore, these assumed intake values may be inappropriate for the study population as well as similar ones.
一项为期一年的直接饮水研究涉及印度西孟加拉邦三个受砷影响的村庄的 423 个人。发现人均直接饮水量和单位体重的直接饮水量分别为 3.12±1.17 L/天和 78.07±47.08 mL/kg/天（±SD）。成年男性、成年女性和儿童（<15 岁）的直接日饮水量分别为 3.95、3.03 和 2.14 L/天。在 16-55 岁之间观察到显著的性别差异。对于所有参与者，观察到 15 岁以下的饮水量急剧增加，随后在更高的摄入水平上达到平台期。还观察到了显著的每月、季节性、区域性和职业性变异性。另一项涉及 413 名受试者的研究确定了间接饮水量。人均间接日饮水量为 1.80±0.64 L/天；成年男性、成年女性和儿童的摄入量分别为 2.15、1.81 和 1.10 L/天。平均总（直接+间接）饮水量为 4.92 L/人/天；成年男性、成年女性和儿童的总摄入量分别为 6.10、4.84 和 3.24 L/人/天。间接水摄入量对所有参与者总水摄入量的总体贡献为 36.6%。本研究还阐明了导致可变水摄入量的几个因素，这可以更好地描述亚人群的风险特征和水污染物的摄入。研究表明，西孟加拉邦三个研究人群的饮水率高于世界卫生组织（WHO）在制定饮用水质量标准时所采用的假设饮水率；因此，这些假设的摄入量值可能不适合研究人群以及类似人群。
