Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2013 Aug;142(3):923-33. doi: 10.1037/a0029663. Epub 2012 Aug 13.
We examined individuals' tendencies to exaggerate their positive responses toward stigmatized others (i.e., overcorrect) and explored how overcorrection, because of its fragile nature, could be disrupted. The first 2 studies demonstrate overcorrection: White participants paired with Black partners (Experiment 1A) smiled, laughed, and showed more positive behavior than those paired with same-race partners. Experiment 1B replicated the general effect with a physically stigmatized sample (i.e., facial birthmarks) and then demonstrated that overcorrection is moderated by bias; participants who exhibited more positive behavior toward their partner showed the most physiological "threat" during a stressful task with their partner. We then examined the idea that if overcorrection requires cognitive resources and is effortful, then it may be fragile when resources are taxed. In Experiments 2 and 3, we observed that overcorrection was easily disrupted when resources were compromised (e.g., with stress or cognitive load). Taken together, these studies suggest that positive biases toward stigmatized and outgroup members are fragile and can be undermined when resources are taxed.
我们考察了个体夸大对被污名化他人的积极反应的倾向（即过度纠正），并探讨了过度纠正这种脆弱的倾向是如何被破坏的。前两项研究表明了过度纠正的存在：与黑人搭档配对的白人参与者（实验 1A）比与同种族搭档配对的参与者笑得更多、笑得更欢，表现出更积极的行为。实验 1B 用身体有缺陷的样本（即面部胎记）复制了这一普遍效应，然后表明过度纠正受到偏见的调节；与伴侣表现出更积极行为的参与者，在与伴侣进行压力任务时，表现出最明显的生理“威胁”。然后，我们检验了这样一种观点，即如果过度纠正需要认知资源并且费力，那么当资源紧张时，它可能是脆弱的。在实验 2 和实验 3 中，我们观察到，当资源受到损害时（例如，在压力或认知负荷下），过度纠正很容易被打破。综上所述，这些研究表明，对被污名化和外群体成员的积极偏见是脆弱的，当资源紧张时，它们可能会被破坏。
