Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Aug 1;2(8):a006866. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006866.
The first step of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle-binding and entry into the host cell-plays a major role in determining viral tropism and the ability of HIV to degrade the human immune system. HIV uses a complex series of steps to deliver its genome into the host cell cytoplasm while simultaneously evading the host immune response. To infect cells, the HIV protein envelope (Env) binds to the primary cellular receptor CD4 and then to a cellular coreceptor. This sequential binding triggers fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, initiating infection. Revealing the mechanism of HIV entry has profound implications for viral tropism, transmission, pathogenesis, and therapeutic intervention. Here, we provide an overview into the mechanism of HIV entry, provide historical context to key discoveries, discuss recent advances, and speculate on future directions in the field.
人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）复制周期的第一步——结合并进入宿主细胞——在决定病毒嗜性和 HIV 降解人体免疫系统的能力方面起着重要作用。HIV 利用一系列复杂的步骤将其基因组递送到宿主细胞质中，同时逃避宿主免疫反应。为了感染细胞，HIV 蛋白包膜（Env）首先与主要细胞受体 CD4 结合，然后与细胞辅助受体结合。这种顺序结合触发病毒和宿主细胞膜融合，从而启动感染。揭示 HIV 进入的机制对病毒嗜性、传播、发病机制和治疗干预具有深远的意义。在这里，我们概述了 HIV 进入的机制，提供了关键发现的历史背景，讨论了最新进展，并对该领域的未来方向进行了推测。
