Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012 Oct;64(13):1363-84. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.005. Epub 2012 Aug 17.
The application of nanotechnology to personalized medicine provides an unprecedented opportunity to improve the treatment of many diseases. Nanomaterials offer several advantages as therapeutic and diagnostic tools due to design flexibility, small sizes, large surface-to-volume ratio, and ease of surface modification with multivalent ligands to increase avidity for target molecules. Nanomaterials can be engineered to interact with specific biological components, allowing them to benefit from the insights provided by personalized medicine techniques. To tailor these interactions, a comprehensive knowledge of how nanomaterials interact with biological systems is critical. Herein, we discuss how the interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems can guide their design for diagnostic, imaging and drug delivery purposes. A general overview of nanomaterials under investigation is provided with an emphasis on systems that have reached clinical trials. Finally, considerations for the development of personalized nanomedicines are summarized such as the potential toxicity, scientific and technical challenges in fabricating them, and regulatory and ethical issues raised by the utilization of nanomaterials.
纳米技术在个性化医疗中的应用为改善许多疾病的治疗提供了前所未有的机会。由于设计灵活性、小尺寸、大表面积与体积比以及易于通过多价配体进行表面修饰以增加对靶分子的亲和力，纳米材料作为治疗和诊断工具具有多种优势。纳米材料可以被设计成与特定的生物成分相互作用，从而使它们受益于个性化医疗技术提供的见解。为了调整这些相互作用，全面了解纳米材料与生物系统的相互作用至关重要。本文讨论了纳米材料与生物系统的相互作用如何指导其设计用于诊断、成像和药物输送目的。本文提供了正在研究的纳米材料的概述，重点介绍了已进入临床试验的系统。最后，总结了开发个性化纳米药物的注意事项，例如纳米材料的潜在毒性、制造它们的科学和技术挑战以及利用纳米材料引起的监管和伦理问题。
