Functional Imaging, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Germany.
Neuroimage. 2013 Jan 1;64:379-87. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.012. Epub 2012 Sep 12.
Long-term intensive sensorimotor training alters functional representation of the motor and sensory system and might even result in structural changes. However, there is not much knowledge about how previous training impacts learning transfer and functional representation. We tested 14 amateur pianists and 15 musically naïve participants in a short-term finger sequence training procedure, differing considerably from piano playing and measured associated functional representation with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The conditions consisted of encoding a finger sequence indicated by hand symbols ("sequence encoding") and subsequently replaying the sequence from memory, both with and without auditory feedback ("sequence retrieval"). Piano players activated motor areas and the mirror neuron system more strongly than musically naïve participants during encoding. When retrieving the sequence, musically naïve participants showed higher activation in similar brain areas. Thus, retrieval activations of naïve participants were comparable to encoding activations of piano players, who during retrieval performed the sequences more accurately despite lower motor activations. Interestingly, both groups showed primary auditory activation even during sequence retrieval without auditory feedback, supporting previous reports about coactivation of the auditory cortex after learned association with motor performance. When playing with auditory feedback, only pianists lateralized to the left auditory cortex. During encoding activation in left primary somatosensory cortex in the height of the finger representations had a predictive value for increased motor performance later on (error rates). Contrarily, decreased performance was associated with increased visual cortex activation during encoding. Our study extends previous reports about training transfer of motor knowledge resulting in superior training effects in musicians. Performance increase went along with activity in motor areas and the mirror neuron network during pattern encoding.
长期强化感觉运动训练会改变运动和感觉系统的功能表现，甚至可能导致结构变化。然而，关于先前的训练如何影响学习迁移和功能表现，我们的了解还不多。我们测试了 14 名业余钢琴家和 15 名音乐初学者在短期手指序列训练程序中的表现，该程序与钢琴演奏有很大不同，并使用功能磁共振成像测量相关的功能表现。条件包括用手符号表示的手指序列编码（“序列编码”），然后根据记忆再现序列，同时有和没有听觉反馈（“序列检索”）。在编码过程中，钢琴演奏者比音乐初学者更强烈地激活运动区域和镜像神经元系统。在检索序列时，音乐初学者在相似的大脑区域表现出更高的激活。因此，初学者的检索激活与钢琴演奏者的编码激活相当，尽管钢琴演奏者的运动激活较低，但他们在检索时更准确地执行序列。有趣的是，即使在没有听觉反馈的情况下进行序列检索，两组都表现出初级听觉激活，支持了之前关于在与运动表现相关的学习后听觉皮层协同激活的报告。当使用听觉反馈时，只有钢琴家偏向左侧听觉皮层。在编码过程中，左手初级体感皮层的激活与稍后更高的运动表现（错误率）相关。相反，在编码过程中视觉皮层的激活增加与表现下降相关。我们的研究扩展了先前关于运动知识迁移的报告，表明音乐家的训练效果更好。表现的提高伴随着模式编码过程中运动区域和镜像神经元网络的活动。
