Department of Radiology, Yale University-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT 06610, USA.
Eur J Pediatr. 2013 May;172(5):591-600. doi: 10.1007/s00431-012-1828-z. Epub 2012 Sep 18.
Accurate classification of soft tissue vascular anomalies is critical since treatment options and morbidity differ significantly for the various groups of vascular anomalies (VA). A classification system introduced by Mulliken and Glowacki in 1982 explained the biology of VA, thus resulting in improved management and communication between different disciplines taking care of children with soft tissue vascular anomalies. This classification has been updated by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies in 1996 and forms the basis for the current nomenclature. Although the majority of vascular anomalies can be accurately classified by their clinical history and a physical exam, imaging is necessary to determine the full anatomical extent of the anomaly, to follow up treatment response, to confirm diagnosis, and to provide correct classification in challenging cases when necessary. This article will review the key magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of most common soft tissue vascular anomalies in children. MRI and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography are crucial for the evaluation of vascular anomalies in children because of lack of radiation, high soft tissue resolution, and the capability of dynamic contrast-enhanced images to reflect the hemodynamics of the anomalies.
准确的软组织血管畸形分类至关重要，因为不同类型的血管畸形（VA）的治疗选择和发病率有很大差异。1982 年 Mulliken 和 Glowacki 提出的分类系统解释了 VA 的生物学特性，从而改善了不同学科之间的管理和沟通，这些学科负责照顾患有软组织血管畸形的儿童。该分类系统于 1996 年被国际血管异常研究学会更新，并构成当前命名法的基础。尽管大多数血管畸形可以通过其临床病史和体格检查准确分类，但影像学检查对于确定畸形的完整解剖范围、随访治疗反应、确认诊断以及在必要时对具有挑战性的病例进行正确分类是必要的。本文将回顾儿童中最常见的软组织血管畸形的关键磁共振成像（MRI）特征。由于缺乏辐射、软组织分辨率高以及动态对比增强磁共振血管造影术能够反映畸形的血液动力学特性，MRI 和动态对比增强磁共振血管造影术对于儿童血管畸形的评估至关重要。
