Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Jun;27(6):1529-38. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182736034.
Squatting is a common strength training exercise used for rehabilitation, fitness training, and in preparation for competition. Knowledge about the loading and the motion of the back during the squat exercise is crucial to avoid overuse or injury. The aim of this study was the measurement and comparison of the kinematics of the lower leg, trunk, and spine during unrestricted and restricted (knees are not allowed beyond toes) squats. A total of 30 subjects performed unrestricted and restricted barbell squats with an extra load of 0, 25, and 50% bodyweight. Motion was tracked using a 12-camera Vicon system. A newly developed marker set with 24 trunk and 7 pelvic markers allowed us to measure 3D segmental kinematics between the pelvic and the lumbar regions, between the lumbar and the thoracic segments, and the sagittal curvatures of the lumbar and the thoracic spine. In an unrestricted squat, the angle of the knee is larger and the range of motion (ROM) between the lumbar and the thoracic segments is significantly smaller compared with a restricted squat (p < 0.05). The studied subjects showed significantly increased ROM for thoracic curvature during restricted squats. The unrestricted execution of a squat leads to a larger ROM in the knee and smaller changes in the curvature of the thoracic spine and the range of smaller segmental motions within the trunk. This execution in turn leads to lower stresses in the back. To strengthen the muscles of the leg, the unrestricted squat may be the best option for most people. Thus, practitioners should not be overly strict in coaching against anterior knee displacement during performance of the squat.
深蹲是一种常见的力量训练练习，用于康复、健身训练以及为比赛做准备。了解深蹲过程中背部的受力和运动情况对于避免过度使用或受伤至关重要。本研究的目的是测量和比较无限制和受限（膝盖不允许超过脚趾）深蹲时小腿、躯干和脊柱的运动学。共有 30 名受试者进行了无限制和受限的杠铃深蹲，外加 0、25 和 50%体重的额外负荷。运动使用 12 个摄像机 Vicon 系统进行跟踪。一个新开发的标记集，带有 24 个躯干和 7 个骨盆标记，允许我们测量骨盆和腰椎区域之间、腰椎和胸椎之间以及腰椎和胸椎脊柱矢状曲率的三维节段运动学。在无限制深蹲中，膝盖的角度更大，腰椎和胸椎之间的运动范围（ROM）明显小于受限深蹲（p < 0.05）。与受限深蹲相比，研究对象在受限深蹲中表现出明显更大的胸椎曲率 ROM。无限制深蹲导致膝盖的 ROM 更大，胸椎脊柱曲率的变化更小，躯干内部的节段运动范围更小。这种执行方式反过来会导致背部的压力降低。为了增强腿部肌肉，无限制深蹲可能是大多数人的最佳选择。因此，在指导深蹲时，教练不应过于严格地反对膝盖前移位。
