Biology Department and Volen Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
Neuron. 2012 Oct 4;76(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.010.
All nervous systems are subject to neuromodulation. Neuromodulators can be delivered as local hormones, as cotransmitters in projection neurons, and through the general circulation. Because neuromodulators can transform the intrinsic firing properties of circuit neurons and alter effective synaptic strength, neuromodulatory substances reconfigure neuronal circuits, often massively altering their output. Thus, the anatomical connectome provides a minimal structure and the neuromodulatory environment constructs and specifies the functional circuits that give rise to behavior.
所有神经系统都受到神经调质的调节。神经调质可以作为局部激素、投射神经元中的共递质，或者通过血液循环来传递。由于神经调质可以改变回路神经元的固有放电特性，并改变有效突触强度，因此神经调质物质可以重新配置神经元回路，经常会大规模改变它们的输出。因此，解剖连接组提供了一个最小的结构，而神经调质环境构建并指定了产生行为的功能回路。
