Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Photosynth Res. 2012 Dec;114(2):69-96. doi: 10.1007/s11120-012-9780-3. Epub 2012 Oct 13.
This review is dedicated to David Walker (1928-2012), a pioneer in the field of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We begin this review by presenting the history of light emission studies, from the ancient times. Light emission from plants is of several kinds: prompt fluorescence (PF), delayed fluorescence (DF), thermoluminescence, and phosphorescence. In this article, we focus on PF and DF. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements have been used for more than 80 years to study photosynthesis, particularly photosystem II (PSII) since 1961. This technique has become a regular trusted probe in agricultural and biological research. Many measured and calculated parameters are good biomarkers or indicators of plant tolerance to different abiotic and biotic stressors. This would never have been possible without the rapid development of new fluorometers. To date, most of these instruments are based mainly on two different operational principles for measuring variable chlorophyll a fluorescence: (1) a PF signal produced following a pulse-amplitude-modulated excitation and (2) a PF signal emitted during a strong continuous actinic excitation. In addition to fluorometers, other instruments have been developed to measure additional signals, such as DF, originating from PSII, and light-induced absorbance changes due to the photooxidation of P700, from PSI, measured as the absorption decrease (photobleaching) at about 705 nm, or increase at 820 nm. In this review, the technical and theoretical basis of newly developed instruments, allowing for simultaneous measurement of the PF and the DF as well as other parameters is discussed. Special emphasis has been given to a description of comparative measurements on PF and DF. However, DF has been discussed in greater details, since it is much less used and less known than PF, but has a great potential to provide useful qualitative new information on the back reactions of PSII electron transfer. A review concerning the history of fluorometers is also presented.
这篇综述是为了纪念光合作用和叶绿素荧光领域的先驱 David Walker（1928-2012）。我们从古代开始介绍发光研究的历史，植物发光有几种类型：瞬时光学发射（PF）、延迟荧光（DF）、热致发光和磷光。在本文中，我们重点介绍 PF 和 DF。叶绿素 a 荧光测量已经使用了 80 多年来研究光合作用，特别是自 1961 年以来的光系统 II（PSII）。这项技术已经成为农业和生物研究中常规的可靠探针。许多测量和计算的参数都是植物对不同非生物和生物胁迫耐受性的良好生物标志物或指标。如果没有新型荧光计的快速发展，这是不可能的。迄今为止，这些仪器中的大多数主要基于测量可变叶绿素 a 荧光的两种不同工作原理：（1）脉冲振幅调制激发后产生的 PF 信号，（2）强连续光激发期间发射的 PF 信号。除了荧光计之外，还开发了其他仪器来测量其他信号，例如来自 PSII 的 DF 以及由于 P700 的光氧化引起的光诱导吸收变化，测量为大约 705nm 处的吸收减少（光漂白）或 820nm 处的增加。在这篇综述中，讨论了允许同时测量 PF 和 DF 以及其他参数的新型仪器的技术和理论基础。特别强调了对 PF 和 DF 比较测量的描述。然而，DF 被讨论得更详细，因为它比 PF 更少使用且更少为人知，但它具有提供有关 PSII 电子传递反向反应的有用定性新信息的巨大潜力。还介绍了有关荧光计历史的综述。
