Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2012;105:19-38. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-398309-1.00003-2.
Neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals can be damaged in a variety of ways. Most neurons rapidly die after injury. Even if the injured CNS neurons do not die in a short time, the neurons eventually die because they are not able to regenerate their axons to reconnect with their normal targets. In addition, neurons are normally not replaced. Therefore, much work has been directed toward understanding of the molecular regulation of the CNS degeneration following injury, and different experimental strategies are being used to try to protect the damaged neurons. Following axonal lesion, the neurons not only need to survive but also to reconnect to be functionally relevant, and efforts are directed toward not only survival but also axonal regeneration and proper rewiring of injured neurons. Recent experimental data suggest that electrical activity, endogenous or exogenous, can enhance neuronal survival and regeneration in vitro and in vivo. This chapter reviews the evidence that have been obtained on the role of neuronal electrical activity on neuroprotection. We will develop perspectives toward neuroprotection and regeneration of adult lesioned CNS neurons based on electrical activity-dependent cell survival that may be applicable to various diseases of the CNS.
成年哺乳动物中枢神经系统（CNS）的神经元可以通过多种方式受到损伤。大多数神经元在受伤后会迅速死亡。即使受伤的 CNS 神经元在短时间内没有死亡，神经元最终也会死亡，因为它们无法再生轴突以重新连接到正常的靶标。此外，神经元通常不会被替代。因此，人们已经进行了大量工作来了解损伤后中枢神经系统退化的分子调控，并且正在使用不同的实验策略来尝试保护受损的神经元。在轴突损伤后，神经元不仅需要存活下来，还需要重新连接才能发挥功能，因此人们不仅关注生存，还关注轴突再生和受损神经元的适当重新布线。最近的实验数据表明，内源性或外源性的电活动可以增强体外和体内神经元的存活和再生。本章综述了神经元电活动在神经保护中的作用的证据。我们将根据可能适用于中枢神经系统各种疾病的电活动依赖性细胞存活，对成年受损 CNS 神经元的神经保护和再生进行展望。
