Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053094. Epub 2013 Jan 2.
To ensure sustainable aquaculture, fish derived raw materials are replaced by vegetable ingredients. Fatty acid composition and contaminant status of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are affected by the use of plant ingredients and a spillover effect on consumers is thus expected. Here we aimed to compare the effects of intake of Atlantic salmon fed fish oil (FO) with intake of Atlantic salmon fed a high proportion of vegetable oils (VOs) on development of insulin resistance and obesity in mice.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Atlantic salmon were fed diets where FO was partly (80%) replaced with three different VOs; rapeseed oil (RO), olive oil (OO) or soy bean oil (SO). Fillets from Atlantic salmon were subsequently used to prepare Western diets (WD) for a mouse feeding trial. Partial replacement of FO with VOs reduced the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dichloro-diphenyl-tricloroethanes (DDT) with more than 50% in salmon fillets, in WDs containing the fillets, and in white adipose tissue from mice consuming the WDs. Replacement with VOs, SO in particular, lowered the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and increased n-6 PUFA levels in the salmon fillets, in the prepared WDs, and in red blood cells collected from mice consuming the WDs. Replacing FO with VO did not influence obesity development in the mice, but replacement of FO with RO improved glucose tolerance. Compared with WD-FO fed mice, feeding mice WD-SO containing lower PCB and DDT levels but high levels of linoleic acid (LA), exaggerated insulin resistance and increased accumulation of fat in the liver.
CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Replacement of FO with VOs in aqua feed for farmed salmon had markedly different spillover effects on metabolism in mice. Our results suggest that the content of LA in VOs may be a matter of concern that warrants further investigation.
为了确保水产养殖业的可持续发展，人们用植物原料替代了鱼类原料。养殖大西洋鲑（Salmo salar L.）的脂肪酸组成和污染物状况会受到植物原料使用的影响，预计这会对消费者产生溢出效应。在这里，我们旨在比较摄入用鱼油（FO）喂养的大西洋鲑和摄入富含植物油（VO）的大西洋鲑对小鼠胰岛素抵抗和肥胖发展的影响。
方法/主要发现：大西洋鲑的饲料中部分（80%）用三种不同的植物油（菜籽油 RO、橄榄油 OO 或豆油 SO）替代了 FO。随后，从大西洋鲑鱼片制备西式饮食（WD）用于小鼠喂养试验。用 VO 部分替代 FO 可使鱼片中、WD 中以及摄入 WD 的小鼠白色脂肪组织中的多氯联苯（PCB）和滴滴涕（DDT）含量降低 50%以上。用 VO 替代 FO，特别是 SO，会降低鱼片、制备的 WD 和摄入 WD 的小鼠红细胞中的 n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量，并增加 n-6 PUFA 水平。用 VO 替代 FO 不会影响小鼠肥胖的发展，但用 RO 替代 FO 可改善小鼠的葡萄糖耐量。与 WD-FO 喂养的小鼠相比，用含有较低 PCB 和 DDT 水平但富含亚油酸（LA）的 WD-SO 喂养的小鼠，胰岛素抵抗加剧，肝脏脂肪堆积增加。
结论/意义：用 VO 替代水产养殖鲑鱼饲料中的 FO，对小鼠代谢的溢出效应有明显差异。我们的结果表明，VO 中的 LA 含量可能是一个值得关注的问题，需要进一步调查。
