Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Sports Med. 2013 Jan;43(1):1-7. doi: 10.1007/s40279-012-0001-1.
In nature, the interactions between agents in a complex system (fish schools; colonies of ants) are governed by information that is locally created. Each agent self-organizes (adjusts) its behaviour, not through a central command centre, but based on variables that emerge from the interactions with other system agents in the neighbourhood. Self-organization has been proposed as a mechanism to explain the tendencies for individual performers to interact with each other in field-invasion sports teams, displaying functional co-adaptive behaviours, without the need for central control. The relevance of self-organization as a mechanism that explains pattern-forming dynamics within attacker-defender interactions in field-invasion sports has been sustained in the literature. Nonetheless, other levels of interpersonal coordination, such as intra-team interactions, still raise important questions, particularly with reference to the role of leadership or match strategies that have been prescribed in advance by a coach. The existence of key properties of complex systems, such as system degeneracy, nonlinearity or contextual dependency, suggests that self-organization is a functional mechanism to explain the emergence of interpersonal coordination tendencies within intra-team interactions. In this opinion article we propose how leadership may act as a key constraint on the emergent, self-organizational tendencies of performers in field-invasion sports.
在自然界中，复杂系统（鱼群；蚁群）中的主体之间的相互作用受到局部产生的信息的控制。每个主体都可以自我组织（调整）其行为，不是通过中央指挥中心，而是基于来自邻居系统主体相互作用的变量。自组织被提出作为一种机制，用以解释在野外入侵性运动团队中，个体表演者相互作用的倾向，展示出功能协同的行为，而不需要中央控制。自组织作为一种解释野外入侵性运动中攻击者-防御者相互作用中形成模式动态的机制，在文献中得到了支持。尽管如此，其他层次的人际协调，如团队内部的相互作用，仍然提出了重要的问题，特别是关于领导力或比赛策略的问题，这些策略是由教练预先规定的。复杂系统的关键属性的存在，如系统简并性、非线性或语境依赖性，表明自组织是一种解释团队内部相互作用中人际协调倾向出现的功能机制。在这篇观点文章中，我们提出领导力如何作为野外入侵性运动中表演者涌现的自组织倾向的关键约束。
