Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2013 Mar;189-190:21-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2012.12.002. Epub 2013 Jan 2.
With the discovery of MCM-41 by Mobil researchers in 1992 the journey of the research on mesoporous materials started and in the 21st century this area of scientific investigation have extended into numerous branches, many of which contribute significantly in emerging areas like catalysis, energy, environment and biomedical research. As a consequence thousands of publications came out in large varieties of national and international journals. In this review, we have tried to summarize the published works on various synthetic pathways and formation mechanisms of different mesoporous materials viz. inorganic, organic-inorganic hybrid and purely organic solids via soft templating pathways. Generation of nanoscale porosity in a solid material usually requires participation of organic template (more specifically surfactants and their supramolecular assemblies) called structure-directing agent (SDA) in the bottom-up chemical reaction process. Different techniques employed for the syntheses of inorganic mesoporous solids, like silicas, metal doped silicas, transition and non-transition metal oxides, mixed oxides, metallophosphates, organic-inorganic hybrids as well as purely organic mesoporous materials like carbons, polymers etc. using surfactants are depicted schematically and elaborately in this paper. Moreover, some of the frontline applications of these mesoporous solids, which are directly related to their functionality, composition and surface properties are discussed at the appropriate places.
1992 年，美孚研究人员发现了 MCM-41，介孔材料的研究之旅就此开启。在 21 世纪，这一科学研究领域扩展到了许多分支，其中许多分支在催化、能源、环境和生物医学研究等新兴领域做出了重要贡献。因此，数以千计的出版物在各种国内外期刊上发表。在这篇综述中，我们试图总结通过软模板途径合成不同介孔材料（无机、有机-无机杂化和纯有机固体）的各种合成途径和形成机制的已发表工作。在固体内产生纳米级孔隙通常需要有机模板（更具体地说是表面活性剂及其超分子组装体）参与，称为结构导向剂（SDA），在自下而上的化学反应过程中。本文详细地以图表形式展示了不同技术用于合成无机介孔固体，如硅、金属掺杂硅、过渡和非过渡金属氧化物、混合氧化物、金属磷酸盐、有机-无机杂化以及纯有机介孔材料，如碳、聚合物等，这些都使用了表面活性剂。此外，还在适当的地方讨论了这些介孔固体的一些前沿应用，这些应用直接与其功能、组成和表面性质有关。
