Department of Medical Technology, SINTEF Technology and Society, PB 4760 Sluppen, 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
Surg Endosc. 2013 Jul;27(7):2391-7. doi: 10.1007/s00464-012-2745-y. Epub 2013 Jan 26.
To improve patient safety, training of psychomotor laparoscopic skills is often done on virtual reality (VR) simulators outside the operating room. Haptic sensations have been found to influence psychomotor performance in laparoscopy. The emulation of haptic feedback is thus an important aspect of VR simulation. Some VR simulators try to simulate these sensations with handles equipped with haptic feedback. We conducted a survey on how laparoscopic surgeons perceive handles with and without haptic feedback.
Surgeons with different levels of experience in laparoscopy were asked to test two handles: Xitact IHP with haptic feedback and Xitact ITP without haptic feedback (Mentice AB, Gothenburg, Sweden), connected to the LapSim (Surgical Science AB, Sweden) VR simulator. They performed two tasks on the simulator before answering 12 questions regarding the two handles. The surgeons were not informed about the differences in the handles.
A total of 85 % of the 20 surgeons who participated in the survey claimed that it is important that handles with haptic feedback feel realistic. Ninety percent of the surgeons preferred the handles without haptic feedback. The friction in the handles with haptic feedback was perceived to be as in reality (5 %) or too high (95 %). Regarding the handles without haptic feedback, the friction was perceived as in reality (45 %), too low (50 %), or too high (5 %). A total of 85 % of the surgeons thought that the handle with haptic feedback attempts to simulate the resistance offered by tissue to deformation. Ten percent thought that the handle succeeds in doing so.
The surveyed surgeons believe that haptic feedback is an important feature on VR simulators; however, they preferred the handles without haptic feedback because they perceived the handles with haptic feedback to add additional friction, making them unrealistic and not mechanically transparent.
为了提高患者安全性，通常在手术室外的虚拟现实（VR）模拟器上进行心理运动腹腔镜技能培训。触觉感知已被发现会影响腹腔镜手术中的心理运动表现。因此，触觉反馈的模拟是 VR 模拟的一个重要方面。一些 VR 模拟器试图通过配备触觉反馈的手柄来模拟这些感觉。我们对腹腔镜外科医生如何感知带触觉反馈和不带触觉反馈的手柄进行了调查。
不同腹腔镜经验水平的外科医生被要求测试两个手柄：带触觉反馈的 Xitact IHP 和不带触觉反馈的 Xitact ITP（Mentice AB，哥德堡，瑞典），连接到 LapSim（Surgical Science AB，瑞典）VR 模拟器。他们在模拟器上执行了两个任务，然后回答了关于两个手柄的 12 个问题。外科医生没有被告知手柄的区别。
共有 20 名参加调查的外科医生中的 85%声称，带触觉反馈的手柄感觉逼真很重要。90%的外科医生更喜欢不带触觉反馈的手柄。带触觉反馈的手柄的摩擦力被认为与现实中（5%）或太高（95%）相同。对于不带触觉反馈的手柄，摩擦力被认为与现实中（45%）、太低（50%）或太高（5%）相同。85%的外科医生认为带触觉反馈的手柄试图模拟组织对变形的阻力。10%的人认为手柄能够做到这一点。
接受调查的外科医生认为触觉反馈是 VR 模拟器的一个重要功能；然而，他们更喜欢不带触觉反馈的手柄，因为他们认为带触觉反馈的手柄增加了额外的摩擦力，使它们不真实且机械上不透明。
