Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013 May;8(3):227-42. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.8.3.227. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
Cooling after exercise has been investigated as a method to improve recovery during intensive training or competition periods. As many studies have included untrained subjects, the transfer of those results to trained athletes is questionable.
Therefore, the authors conducted a literature search and located 21 peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials addressing the effects of cooling on performance recovery in trained athletes.
For all studies, the effect of cooling on performance was determined and effect sizes (Hedges' g) were calculated. Regarding performance measurement, the largest average effect size was found for sprint performance (2.6%, g = 0.69), while for endurance parameters (2.6%, g = 0.19), jump (3.0%, g = 0.15), and strength (1.8%, g = 0.10), effect sizes were smaller. The effects were most pronounced when performance was evaluated 96 h after exercise (4.3%, g = 1.03). Regarding the exercise used to induce fatigue, effects after endurance training (2.4%, g = 0.35) were larger than after strength-based exercise (2.4%, g = 0.11). Cold-water immersion (2.9%, g = 0.34) and cryogenic chambers (3.8%, g = 0.25) seem to be more beneficial with respect to performance than cooling packs (-1.4%, g= -0.07). For cold-water application, whole-body immersion (5.1%, g = 0.62) was significantly more effective than immersing only the legs or arms (1.1%, g = 0.10).
In summary, the average effects of cooling on recovery of trained athletes were rather small (2.4%, g = 0.28). However, under appropriate conditions (whole-body cooling, recovery from sprint exercise), postexercise cooling seems to have positive effects that are large enough to be relevant for competitive athletes.
运动后冷却已被研究作为一种在密集训练或比赛期间改善恢复的方法。由于许多研究都包括未经训练的受试者，因此这些结果对训练有素的运动员的转移是值得怀疑的。
因此，作者进行了文献检索，找到了 21 篇同行评议的随机对照试验，研究了冷却对训练有素的运动员运动表现恢复的影响。
对于所有研究，都确定了冷却对运动表现的影响，并计算了效应大小（Hedges'g）。就表现测量而言，最大的平均效应大小出现在冲刺表现上（2.6%，g=0.69），而在耐力参数上（2.6%，g=0.19），跳跃（3.0%，g=0.15）和力量（1.8%，g=0.10），效应大小较小。当在运动后 96 小时评估表现时，效果最为明显（4.3%，g=1.03）。就用于引起疲劳的运动而言，耐力训练后的效果（2.4%，g=0.35）大于基于力量的训练后的效果（2.4%，g=0.11）。冷水浸泡（2.9%，g=0.34）和低温室（3.8%，g=0.25）似乎比冷却包（-1.4%，g=-0.07）在性能方面更有益。对于冷水应用，全身浸泡（5.1%，g=0.62）明显比仅浸泡腿部或手臂（1.1%，g=0.10）更有效。
总的来说，冷却对训练有素的运动员恢复的平均影响相当小（2.4%，g=0.28）。然而，在适当的条件下（全身冷却，从短跑运动中恢复），运动后冷却似乎具有足够大的积极影响，对竞技运动员具有重要意义。
