Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2013 Sep;39(5):1563-71. doi: 10.1037/a0032186. Epub 2013 Apr 8.
A counterintuitive and theoretically important pattern of results in the visual word recognition literature is that both word frequency and stimulus quality produce large but additive effects in lexical decision performance. The additive nature of these effects has recently been called into question by Masson and Kliegl (in press), who used linear mixed effects modeling to provide evidence that the additive effects were actually being driven by previous trial history. Because Masson and Kliegl also included semantic priming as a factor in their study and recent evidence has shown that semantic priming can moderate the additivity of word frequency and stimulus quality (Scaltritti, Balota, & Peressotti, 2012), we reanalyzed data from 3 published studies to determine if previous trial history moderated the additive pattern when semantic priming was not also manipulated. The results indicated that previous trial history did not influence the joint influence of word frequency and stimulus quality. More important, and independent of Masson and Kliegl's conclusions, we also show how a common transformation used in linear mixed effects analyses to normalize the residuals can systematically alter the way in which two variables combine to influence performance. Specifically, using transformed, rather than raw reaction times, consistently produces more underadditive patterns.
在视觉词汇识别文献中，有一种与直觉相悖且理论上很重要的结果模式，即词频和刺激质量在词汇判断表现中都产生了很大但可加的影响。这些影响的可加性最近受到了质疑，Masson 和 Kliegl（即将出版）使用线性混合效应模型提供了证据，表明这些可加效应实际上是由之前的试验历史驱动的。因为 Masson 和 Kliegl 也将语义启动作为他们研究的一个因素，并且最近的证据表明语义启动可以调节词频和刺激质量的可加性（Scaltritti、Balota 和 Peressotti，2012），我们重新分析了 3 个已发表研究的数据，以确定当不进行语义启动时，之前的试验历史是否会调节可加模式。结果表明，之前的试验历史并不影响词频和刺激质量的共同影响。更重要的是，并且与 Masson 和 Kliegl 的结论无关，我们还展示了线性混合效应分析中常用的一种用于将残差标准化的转换如何能够系统地改变两个变量结合影响表现的方式。具体来说，使用转换后的而不是原始的反应时间，始终会产生更不可加的模式。
