Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 18;8(4):e61673. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061673. Print 2013.
Although only few studies have shown direct links between dopaminergic system genes and smoking onset, this does not rule out the effect of a gene-environment interaction on smoking onset. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the associations between smoking-specific parenting (i.e., frequency and quality of communication and house rules) and smoking onset while considering the potential moderating role of dopaminergic system genes (i.e., DRD2, DRD4, and DAT1 genotypes). Data from five annual waves of the 'Family and Health' project were used. At time 1, the sample comprised 365 non-smoking adolescents (200 younger adolescents, mean age = 13.31, SD = .48; 165 older adolescents, mean age = 15.19, SD = .57). Advanced longitudinal analyses were used (i.e., logistic regression analyses, (dual) latent growth curves, and cross-lagged path models). The results showed a direct effect of quality of communication on smoking onset. No direct effects were found for frequency of communication and house rules. Furthermore, no direct and moderating effects of the DRD2, DRD4, or DAT1 genotypes were found. In conclusion, the findings indicated that the effects of smoking-specific parenting on smoking are similar for adolescent carriers and non-carriers of the dopaminergic system genes.
虽然只有少数研究表明多巴胺能系统基因与吸烟起始之间存在直接联系，但这并不能排除基因-环境相互作用对吸烟起始的影响。因此，本研究旨在考察吸烟特异性养育方式（即沟通频率和质量以及家庭规则）与吸烟起始之间的关联，同时考虑多巴胺能系统基因（即 DRD2、DRD4 和 DAT1 基因型）的潜在调节作用。本研究使用了“家庭与健康”项目的五个年度波的数据。在时间 1 时，样本包括 365 名不吸烟的青少年（200 名年龄较小的青少年，平均年龄为 13.31，标准差为 0.48；165 名年龄较大的青少年，平均年龄为 15.19，标准差为 0.57）。使用了高级纵向分析（即逻辑回归分析、（双重）潜在增长曲线和交叉滞后路径模型）。结果表明，沟通质量对吸烟起始有直接影响。沟通频率和家庭规则对吸烟起始没有直接影响。此外，DRD2、DRD4 或 DAT1 基因型没有直接和调节作用。总之，研究结果表明，对于多巴胺能系统基因携带者和非携带者，吸烟特异性养育方式对吸烟的影响是相似的。
