Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany.
PLoS One. 2013 May 7;8(5):e62939. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062939. Print 2013.
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a recently discovered Bunyavirus associated mainly with abortions, stillbirths and malformations of the skeletal and central nervous system (CNS) in newborn ruminants. In this study, a detailed immunophenotyping of the inflammatory cells of the CNS of affected animals was carried out in order to increase our understanding of SBV pathogenesis. A total of 82 SBV-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive neonatal ruminants (46 sheep lambs, 34 calves and 2 goat kids) were investigated for the presence of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. The study focused on 15 out of 82 animals (18.3%) showing inflammation in the CNS. All 15 neonates displayed lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis affecting most frequently the mesencephalon and the parietal and temporal lobes. The majority of infiltrating cells were CD3-positive T cells, followed by CD79α-positive B cells and CD68-positive microglia/macrophages. Malformations like por- and hydranencephaly, frequently found in the temporal lobe, showed associated demyelination and axonal loss. SBV antigen was detected in 37 out of 82 (45.1%) neonatal brains by immunohistochemistry. In particular, SBV antigen was found in 93.3% (14 out of 15 ruminants) and 32.8% (22 out of 67 ruminants) of animals with and without encephalitis, respectively. Highest amounts of virus-protein expression levels were found in the temporal lobe. Our findings suggest that: (i) different brain regions display differential susceptibility to SBV infection; (ii) inflammatory cells in the CNS are found only in a minority of virus infected animals; (iii) malformations occur in association with and without inflammation in the CNS; and (iv) viral antigen is strongly associated with the presence of inflammation in naturally infected animals. Further studies are required to explore the cell tropism and pathogenesis of SBV infection in ruminants.
沙尔贝病毒（SBV）是一种最近发现的布尼亚病毒，主要与新生反刍动物的流产、死产和骨骼及中枢神经系统（CNS）畸形有关。在本研究中，对受感染动物的中枢神经系统炎症细胞进行了详细的免疫表型分析，以增加我们对 SBV 发病机制的理解。共对 82 例 SBV-聚合酶链反应（PCR）阳性新生反刍动物（46 只绵羊羔羊、34 只犊牛和 2 只山羊）进行了大脑和脊髓炎症的检测。该研究集中在 15 例（18.3%）中枢神经系统炎症的动物。所有 15 例新生动物均表现出以中脑和顶叶和颞叶最常受累的淋巴组织细胞性脑膜脑炎。浸润细胞大多数为 CD3 阳性 T 细胞，其次为 CD79α 阳性 B 细胞和 CD68 阳性小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞。常发生于颞叶的多孔性和无脑畸形表现为伴随的脱髓鞘和轴索丢失。通过免疫组化法在 82 例新生脑中有 37 例（45.1%）检测到 SBV 抗原。特别是，在有和没有脑炎的动物中，分别有 93.3%（14/15 例反刍动物）和 32.8%（22/67 例反刍动物）发现 SBV 抗原。病毒蛋白表达水平最高的是颞叶。我们的研究结果表明：（i）不同的脑区对 SBV 感染有不同的易感性；（ii）中枢神经系统中的炎症细胞仅在少数病毒感染动物中发现；（iii）畸形与中枢神经系统炎症无关；（iv）病毒抗原与自然感染动物的炎症存在密切相关。需要进一步研究来探索 SBV 在反刍动物中的细胞嗜性和发病机制。
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