Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Birsstr. 320B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland.
Sports Med. 2013 Sep;43(9):819-37. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0061-x.
Football (soccer) is the world's most popular sport with most players being younger than 18 years. Playing football can induce beneficial health effects, but there is also a high risk of injury. Therefore, it is necessary to implement measures for preventing injuries. The present review analyzes and summarizes published scientific information on the incidence and characteristics of football injuries in children and adolescent players to arrive at sound conclusions and valid considerations for the development of injury-prevention programs. A literature search was conducted up to November 2012. Fifty-three relevant scientific publications were detected. Thirty-two studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria for pooled analysis. Additional information from the remaining 21 studies was considered where appropriate to obtain a broader perspective on the injury problem in children and youth football. Training injury incidence was nearly constant for players aged 13-19 years, ranging from 1 to 5 injuries per 1,000 h training. Match injury incidence tended to increase with age through all age groups, with an average incidence of about 15 to 20 injuries per 1,000 match hours in players older than 15 years. Between 60 and 90 % of all football injuries were classified as traumatic and about 10-40 % were overuse injuries. Most injuries (60-90 %) were located at the lower extremities with the ankle, knee, and thigh being mostly affected. The frequency of upper-extremity and head/face injuries was higher in those studies that analyzed match injuries only. The most common injury types were strains, sprains, and contusions (10 up to 40 % each). There is some evidence that the risk of traumatic injuries and, in particular, of sustaining a fracture, contusion, or concussion was higher during match play than in practice sessions. Fractures were more frequent in children younger than 15 years than in older players. About half of all time-loss injuries led to an absence from sport of less than 1 week, one third resulted in an absence between 1 and 4 weeks, and 10 to 15 % of all injuries were severe. Separate data for players under the age of 11 years are almost absent. Maturation status seems to have an influence on injury characteristics, although evidence is not conclusive at this time. Three main areas seem to be of particular relevance for future prevention research in young football players: (1) the substantial number of severe contact injuries during matches, (2) the high number of fractures in younger players, and (3) the influence of maturation status and growth spurts.
足球（英式足球）是世界上最受欢迎的运动，其大多数参与者的年龄小于 18 岁。踢足球可以带来有益的健康影响，但也存在很高的受伤风险。因此，有必要采取措施预防受伤。本综述分析并总结了已发表的关于儿童和青少年足球运动员足球损伤发生率和特征的科学信息，以便为制定损伤预防计划得出合理的结论和有效的考虑因素。文献检索截至 2012 年 11 月。共检测到 53 篇相关科学出版物。32 项研究符合汇总分析的纳入标准。在适当的情况下，从其余 21 项研究中获取了更多信息，以便更全面地了解儿童和青年足球中的损伤问题。13-19 岁球员的训练损伤发生率基本保持不变，每 1000 小时训练中约有 1-5 例损伤。随着年龄的增长，比赛损伤发生率在所有年龄组中都呈上升趋势，15 岁以上球员每 1000 小时比赛中约有 15-20 例损伤。所有足球损伤的 60-90%被归类为创伤性损伤，约 10-40%为过度使用性损伤。大多数损伤（60-90%）位于下肢，踝关节、膝关节和大腿受伤最为常见。仅分析比赛损伤的研究中，上肢和头/面部损伤的频率更高。最常见的损伤类型是拉伤、扭伤和挫伤（各占 10%至 40%）。有一些证据表明，与练习相比，在比赛中创伤性损伤的风险更高，特别是发生骨折、挫伤或脑震荡的风险更高。15 岁以下儿童的骨折发生率高于年龄较大的运动员。大约一半的伤病缺勤时间不到 1 周，三分之一的伤病缺勤时间为 1-4 周，10-15%的伤病为严重伤病。关于 11 岁以下球员的数据几乎没有。成熟状态似乎对损伤特征有影响，尽管目前证据还不确凿。在年轻足球运动员中，有三个领域似乎特别值得关注：（1）比赛中大量严重接触性损伤；（2）年轻运动员中大量骨折；（3）成熟状态和生长突增的影响。
