Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Jun;131(6):1465-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.031.
The prevalence and incidence of chronic inflammatory disorders, including allergies and asthma, as well as inflammatory bowel disease, remain on the increase. Microbes are among the environmental factors that play an important role in shaping normal and pathologic immune responses. Several concepts have been put forward to explain the effect of microbes on the development of these conditions, including the hygiene hypothesis and the microbiota hypothesis. Recently, the dynamics of the development of (intestinal) microbial colonization, its effect on innate and adaptive immune responses (homeostasis), and the role of environmental factors, such as nutrition and others, have been extensively investigated. Furthermore, there is now increasing evidence that a qualitative and quantitative disturbance in colonization (dysbiosis) is associated with dysfunction of immune responses and development of various chronic inflammatory disorders. In this article the recent epidemiologic, clinical, and experimental evidence for this interaction is discussed.
慢性炎症性疾病（包括过敏和哮喘以及炎症性肠病）的患病率和发病率仍在上升。微生物是在塑造正常和病理性免疫反应中起重要作用的环境因素之一。已经提出了几个概念来解释微生物对这些疾病发展的影响，包括卫生假说和微生物组假说。最近，（肠道）微生物定植的发展动态、其对先天和适应性免疫反应（稳态）的影响以及营养等环境因素的作用得到了广泛研究。此外，越来越多的证据表明，定植（失调）的定性和定量紊乱与免疫反应功能障碍以及各种慢性炎症性疾病的发展有关。本文讨论了这一相互作用的最新流行病学、临床和实验证据。
