MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Jun 14;62(23):457-62.
Rubella usually is a mild, febrile rash illness in children and adults; however, infection early in pregnancy, particularly during the first 16 weeks, can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or an infant born with birth defects (i.e., congenital rubella syndrome [CRS]). As of 2013, goals to eliminate rubella have been established in two World Health Organization regions (the Region of the Americas by 2010 and the European Region by 2015), and targets for accelerated rubella control and CRS prevention have been established by the Western Pacific Region (WPR). In 1976, Japan introduced single-antigen rubella vaccine in its national immunization program, targeting girls in junior high school. In 1989, a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced, targeting children aged 12-72 months. However, adult males remain susceptible to rubella. From January 1 to May 1, 2013, a total of 5,442 rubella cases were reported through the rubella surveillance system in Japan, with the majority (77%) of cases occurring among adult males. Ten infants with CRS were reported during October 2012-May 1, 2013. Countries and regions establishing a goal of accelerated control or elimination of rubella should review their previous and current immunization policies and strategies to identify and vaccinate susceptible persons and to ensure high population immunity in all cohorts, both male and female.
风疹通常是儿童和成人中一种轻度、发热性皮疹疾病；然而，妊娠早期感染，尤其是在妊娠前 16 周，可导致流产、死产或婴儿出生时存在先天缺陷（即先天性风疹综合征 [CRS]）。截至 2013 年，两个世界卫生组织区域（美洲区域在 2010 年、欧洲区域在 2015 年）已制定消除风疹的目标，西太平洋区域（WPR）也制定了加速风疹控制和预防 CRS 的目标。1976 年，日本在其国家免疫规划中引入了单价风疹疫苗，针对初中女生。1989 年，引入了麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹（MMR）疫苗，针对 12-72 月龄的儿童。然而，成年男性仍易感染风疹。2013 年 1 月 1 日至 5 月 1 日，日本通过风疹监测系统共报告了 5442 例风疹病例，其中大多数（77%）病例发生在成年男性中。2012 年 10 月至 2013 年 5 月 1 日期间报告了 10 例 CRS 婴儿。正在制定加速控制或消除风疹目标的国家和地区应审查其以往和现行免疫政策和策略，以确定和接种易感人群，并确保所有年龄组（男性和女性）的人群具有高免疫力。
