University of Vienna, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
J Clin Psychol. 2013 Sep;69(9):951-65. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21996. Epub 2013 Jun 19.
Past research of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) lacks clear results regarding its factorial validity, item fitting, mindfulness in the general population, and on the higher order structure of mindfulness. We derived an alternative two-factor higher order structure for the FFMQ, delineating the attentional and experiential aspects of mindfulness.
Data of 640 persons from the Austrian community were used for primary analyses, and data of 333 Austrian students were used for cross-validation. Confirmatory analyses and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were utilized to investigate psychometric and structural properties. Associations with related variables and indicators of mental health were examined.
Confirmatory models fitted only poorly on the full 39-item FFMQ. Fit was acceptable in an abridged 20-item version in both samples. The Nonreact scale had only weak psychometric properties. ESEM analyses suggested a good fit of two higher order factors and revealed structural differences between the samples. Beneficial effects of mindfulness appeared to be uniquely associated with the experiential aspects of mindfulness. Strategies of emotion regulation showed differential associations with the two higher order factors in the two samples.
Our findings are relevant both with regard to conceptual issues on mindfulness and the assessment of mindfulness with the FFMQ. Replications in meditating samples and in patients are needed.
过去对五因素正念问卷（FFMQ）的研究在其因子有效性、项目拟合、普通人群中的正念以及正念的高阶结构方面缺乏明确的结果。我们推导出了 FFMQ 的替代两因素高阶结构，划分了正念的注意和体验方面。
主要分析使用了来自奥地利社区的 640 人的数据，交叉验证使用了 333 名奥地利学生的数据。验证性分析和探索性结构方程建模（ESEM）用于研究心理测量和结构特性。研究了与相关变量和心理健康指标的关联。
完整的 39 项 FFMQ 的验证模型拟合效果仅较差。在两个样本中，缩短的 20 项版本的拟合效果均可以接受。非反应量表的心理测量特性较弱。ESEM 分析表明，两个高阶因素的拟合良好，并揭示了两个样本之间的结构差异。正念的有益影响似乎与正念的体验方面具有独特的相关性。情绪调节策略在两个样本中的两个高阶因素之间表现出不同的关联。
我们的研究结果在正念的概念问题以及使用 FFMQ 评估正念方面都是相关的。需要在冥想样本和患者中进行复制。
