Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Emadzade K, Jang T-S, Schneeweiss G M
Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. hanna.schneeweiss @ univie.ac.at
Cytogenet Genome Res. 2013;140(2-4):137-50. doi: 10.1159/000351727. Epub 2013 Jun 18.
Polyploidy, the possession of more than 2 complete genomes, is a major force in plant evolution known to affect the genetic and genomic constitution and the phenotype of an organism, which will have consequences for its ecology and geography as well as for lineage diversification and speciation. In this review, we discuss phylogenetic patterns in the incidence of polyploidy including possible underlying causes, the role of polyploidy for diversification, the effects of polyploidy on geographical and ecological patterns, and putative underlying mechanisms as well as chromosome evolution and evolution of repetitive DNA following polyploidization. Spurred by technological advances, a lot has been learned about these aspects both in model and increasingly also in nonmodel species. Despite this enormous progress, long-standing questions about polyploidy still cannot be unambiguously answered, due to frequently idiosyncratic outcomes and insufficient integration of different organizational levels (from genes to ecology), but likely this will change in the near future. See also the sister article focusing on animals by Choleva and Janko in this themed issue.
多倍体，即拥有超过两个完整基因组，是植物进化中的一股主要力量，已知它会影响生物体的遗传和基因组构成以及表型，这将对其生态和地理分布以及谱系多样化和物种形成产生影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论多倍体发生率的系统发育模式，包括可能的潜在原因、多倍体在多样化中的作用、多倍体对地理和生态模式的影响、假定的潜在机制以及多倍体化后的染色体进化和重复DNA的进化。受技术进步的推动，在模式物种以及越来越多的非模式物种中，我们已经对这些方面有了很多了解。尽管取得了巨大进展，但由于结果往往具有特异性且不同组织层次（从基因到生态）的整合不足，关于多倍体的一些长期问题仍然无法得到明确解答，但在不久的将来这种情况可能会改变。另见本期主题中Choleva和Janko撰写的关于动物的姊妹文章。
