Emergency Management and Diagnostics, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 1800 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
Anim Health Res Rev. 2013 Jun;14(1):88-102. doi: 10.1017/S1466252313000042.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes a variety of diseases and is globally distributed. It infects via mucosal epithelium, leading to rapid lytic replication and latent infection, primarily in sensory ganglia. Large amounts of virus can be excreted by the host on primary infection or upon recrudescence of latent infection, resulting in disease spread. The bovine immune response to BHV-1 is rapid, robust, balanced, and long-lasting. The innate immune system is the first to respond to the infection, with type I interferons (IFNs), inflammatory cytokines, killing of infected host cells, and priming of a balanced adaptive immune response. The virus possesses a variety of immune evasion strategies, including inhibition of type I IFN production, chemokine and complement binding, infection of macrophages and neutrophils, and latency. BHV-1 immune suppression contributes to the severity of its disease manifestations and to the bovine respiratory disease complex, the leading cause of cattle death loss in the USA.
牛疱疹病毒 1 型（BHV-1）可引起多种疾病，分布广泛。它通过黏膜上皮感染，导致快速裂解复制和潜伏感染，主要在感觉神经节中。在原发感染或潜伏感染复发时，宿主可大量排出病毒，导致疾病传播。牛对 BHV-1 的免疫反应迅速、强烈、平衡且持久。先天免疫系统是对感染的第一道反应，包括 I 型干扰素（IFN）、炎症细胞因子、感染宿主细胞的杀伤作用以及平衡的适应性免疫反应的启动。该病毒具有多种免疫逃避策略，包括抑制 I 型 IFN 的产生、趋化因子和补体结合、巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的感染以及潜伏。BHV-1 的免疫抑制作用导致其疾病表现的严重程度，并导致牛呼吸道疾病综合征，这是美国牛死亡损失的主要原因。
