Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Thromb Haemost. 2013 Jun;11 Suppl 1:36-45. doi: 10.1111/jth.12254.
Cell-derived or extracellular vesicles, including microparticles and exosomes, are abundantly present in body fluids such as blood. Although such vesicles have gained strong clinical and scientific interest, their detection is difficult because many vesicles are extremely small with a diameter of less than 100 nm, and, moreover, these vesicles have a low refractive index and are heterogeneous in both size and composition. In this review, we focus on the relatively high throughput detection of vesicles in suspension by flow cytometry, resistive pulse sensing, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, and we will discuss their applicability and limitations. Finally, we discuss four methods that are not commercially available: Raman microspectroscopy, micro nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and anomalous SAXS. These methods are currently being explored to study vesicles and are likely to offer novel information for future developments.
细胞衍生或细胞外囊泡，包括微颗粒和外泌体，在血液等体液中大量存在。尽管这些囊泡引起了强烈的临床和科学兴趣，但由于许多囊泡非常小，直径小于 100nm，而且这些囊泡的折射率低，在大小和组成上具有异质性，因此它们的检测非常困难。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍通过流式细胞术、电阻脉冲感应和纳米颗粒跟踪分析对悬浮液中的囊泡进行相对高通量检测，并将讨论它们的适用性和局限性。最后，我们讨论了四种尚未商品化的方法：拉曼显微镜、微核磁共振、小角 X 射线散射（SAXS）和异常 SAXS。这些方法目前正在被探索用于研究囊泡，并可能为未来的发展提供新的信息。
