Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
Front Immunol. 2020 Nov 6;11:593901. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.593901. eCollection 2020.
The skin is an active immune organ that functions as the first and largest site of defense to the outside environment. Serving as the primary interface between host and pathogen, the skin's early immune responses to viral invaders often determine the course and severity of infection. We review the current literature pertaining to the mechanisms of cutaneous viral invasion for classical skin-tropic, oncogenic, and vector-borne skin viruses. We discuss the skin's evolved mechanisms for innate immune viral defense against these invading pathogens, as well as unique strategies utilized by the viruses to escape immune detection. We additionally explore the roles that demographic and environmental factors, such as age, biological sex, and the cutaneous microbiome, play in altering the host immune response to viral threats.
皮肤是一个活跃的免疫器官，作为抵御外界环境的第一道防线和最大的防线。作为宿主和病原体之间的主要接口，皮肤对病毒入侵者的早期免疫反应往往决定了感染的过程和严重程度。我们回顾了有关经典皮肤嗜性、致癌和虫媒病毒的皮肤病毒入侵机制的现有文献。我们讨论了皮肤对这些入侵病原体的先天免疫防御的进化机制，以及病毒用来逃避免疫检测的独特策略。我们还探讨了年龄、生物性别和皮肤微生物组等人口统计学和环境因素在改变宿主对病毒威胁的免疫反应方面所起的作用。
