Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3180, USA,
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2013 Oct;24(10):2293-325. doi: 10.1007/s10856-013-4998-y. Epub 2013 Jul 13.
One shortcoming of metals and alloys used to fabricate various components of orthopaedic systems, such as the femoral stem of a total hip joint replacement and the tibial plate of a total knee joint replacement, is well-recognized. This is that the material modulus of elasticity (E') is substantially larger than that of the contiguous cancellous bone, a consequence of which is stress shielding which, in turn, has been postulated to be implicated in a cascade of events that culminates in the principal life-limiting phenomenon of these systems, namely, aseptic loosening. Thus, over the years, a host of research programs have focused on the synthesis of metallic biomaterials whose E' can be tailored to match that of cancellous bone. The present work is a review of the extant large volume of literature on these materials, which are called open-cell porous metals/alloys (or, sometimes, metal foams or cellular materials). As such, its range is wide, covering myriad aspects such as production methods, characterization studies, in vitro evaluations, and in vivo performance. The review also includes discussion of seven areas for future research, such as parametric studies of the influence of an assortment of process variables (such as the space holder material and the laser power in the space holder method and the laser-engineered net-shaping process, respectively) on various properties (notably, permeability, fatigue strength, and corrosion resistance) of a given porous metal/alloy, innovative methods of determining fatigue strength, and modeling of corrosion behavior.
用于制造各种矫形系统部件的金属和合金（例如全髋关节置换的股骨柄和全膝关节置换的胫骨板）存在一个众所周知的缺点。这是因为材料的弹性模量（E'）比相邻的松质骨大得多，其结果是应力屏蔽，这反过来又被认为与一系列事件有关，这些事件最终导致这些系统的主要寿命限制现象，即无菌松动。因此，多年来，许多研究计划都集中在合成金属生物材料上，这些材料的 E'可以根据需要与松质骨相匹配。目前的工作是对这些材料的大量现有文献进行综述，这些材料称为开孔多孔金属/合金（或者有时称为金属泡沫或多孔材料）。因此，其范围很广，涵盖了生产方法、特征研究、体外评估和体内性能等诸多方面。该综述还讨论了未来研究的七个领域，例如参数研究各种工艺变量（例如占位材料和占位方法中的激光功率以及激光工程网成型工艺中的激光功率）对给定多孔金属/合金的各种性能（尤其是渗透性、疲劳强度和耐腐蚀性）的影响，确定疲劳强度的创新方法以及腐蚀行为的建模。
