Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, N-5021, Norway.
Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013 Aug 12;21:63. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-21-63.
Hypothermia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in trauma patients and poses a challenge in pre-hospital treatment. The aim of this study was to identify equipment to prevent, diagnose, and treat hypothermia in Norwegian pre-hospital services.
In the period of April-August 2011, we conducted a survey of 42 respondents representing a total of 543 pre-hospital units, which included all the national ground ambulance services, the fixed wing and helicopter air ambulance service, and the national search and rescue service. The survey explored available insulation materials, active warming devices, and the presence of protocols describing wrapping methods, temperature monitoring, and the use of warm i.v. fluids.
Throughout the services, hospital duvets, cotton blankets and plastic "bubble-wrap" were the most common insulation materials. Active warming devices were to a small degree available in vehicle ambulances (14%) and the fixed wing ambulance service (44%) but were more common in the helicopter services (58-70%). Suitable thermometers for diagnosing hypothermia were lacking in the vehicle ambulance services (12%). Protocols describing how to insulate patients were present for 73% of vehicle ambulances and 70% of Search and Rescue helicopters. The minority of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (42%) and Fixed Wing (22%) units was reported to have such protocols.
The most common equipment types to treat and prevent hypothermia in Norwegian pre-hospital services are duvets, plastic "bubble wrap", and cotton blankets. Active external heating devices and suitable thermometers are not available in most vehicle ambulance units.
低温与创伤患者的发病率和死亡率增加有关，并对院前治疗构成挑战。本研究的目的是确定在挪威院前服务中预防、诊断和治疗低温的设备。
在 2011 年 4 月至 8 月期间，我们对 42 名代表总共 543 个院前单位的受访者进行了调查，其中包括所有国家地面救护车服务、固定翼和直升机空中救护服务以及国家搜索和救援服务。该调查探讨了可用的隔热材料、主动加热设备以及描述包裹方法、温度监测和使用温暖静脉输液的协议。
在整个服务中，医院羽绒被、棉花毯和塑料“气泡膜”是最常见的隔热材料。主动加热设备在车辆救护车（14%）和固定翼救护服务（44%）中少量可用，但在直升机服务中更为常见（58-70%）。适合诊断低温的合适温度计在车辆救护车服务中（12%）缺乏。有 73%的车辆救护车和 70%的搜救直升机都有描述如何为患者保温的协议。直升机紧急医疗服务（42%）和固定翼（22%）单位中报告的这类协议较少。
在挪威院前服务中，最常见的治疗和预防低温的设备类型是羽绒被、塑料“气泡膜”和棉花毯。大多数车辆救护车单位没有主动外部加热设备和合适的温度计。
