Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Horm Behav. 2013 Jul;64(2):288-97. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.020.
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence".This article aims to provide an outline of what is currently known on trajectories, and contributing factors to gender identity development in adolescence. We give a historical overview of the concept of gender identity, and describe general identity development in adolescence, gender identity development in the general population and in gender variant youth. Possible psychosocial (such as child and parental characteristics) and biological factors (such as the effects of prenatal exposure to gonadal hormones and the role of genetics) contributing to a gender variant identity are discussed. Studies focusing on a number of psychosocial and biological factors separately, indicate that each of these factors influence gender identity formation, but little is known about the complex interplay between the factors, nor about the way individuals themselves contribute to the process. Research into normative and gender variant identity development of adolescents is clearly lagging behind. However, studies on persons with gender dysphoria and disorders of sex development, show that the period of adolescence, with its changing social environment and the onset of physical puberty, seems to be crucial for the development of a non-normative gender identity.
这篇文章是“青春期”特刊的一部分。本文旨在概述目前已知的青春期性别认同发展轨迹和影响因素。我们回顾了性别认同的概念，并描述了青少年的一般身份发展、普通人群中的性别认同发展以及性别认同障碍青少年的性别认同发展。讨论了可能的社会心理因素（如儿童和父母的特征）和生物学因素（如产前暴露于性腺激素的影响和遗传的作用）对性别认同障碍的影响。这些分别关注一些社会心理和生物学因素的研究表明，这些因素中的每一个都影响性别认同的形成，但对于这些因素之间的复杂相互作用以及个体自身对这一过程的贡献知之甚少。对青少年正常和性别认同障碍者的认同发展的研究显然滞后。然而，对性别焦虑症患者和性发育障碍患者的研究表明，青春期这个时期，社会环境不断变化，青春期开始，对于非规范性别认同的发展似乎至关重要。
