Gordon Leamarie T, Thomas Ayanna K
Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA,
Mem Cognit. 2014 Feb;42(2):186-97. doi: 10.3758/s13421-013-0361-2.
Retrieval enhanced suggestibility (RES) is the finding that the misinformation effect is exacerbated when a test precedes misleading postevent information (Chan, Thomas, & Bulevich Psychological Science 20: 66-73, 2009). In the present study, we tested three hypotheses relevant to RES. First, we examined whether retrieval of critical details was necessary for the RES effect. Second, we examined whether initial testing influenced the allocation of attention to critical details during postevent information processing. Finally, we examined whether RES resulted in impaired access to the originally learned information. We compared three groups of participants in three experiments: an identical-test group, a related-test group, and a standard misinformation group. Both testing groups were tested on the original event before the introduction of misinformation; however, the identical-test group took the same test before and after the misinformation, whereas the related-test group took different tests before and after misinformation. We found that testing before misleading postevent information affected attention allocation to details in the postevent narrative. Furthermore, the RES effect did not accompany reduced accessibility to the original information, as measured by a modified-modified free recall test. These data have implications for how testing may potentiate new learning.
检索增强易受暗示性（RES）是指当测试先于误导性的事件后信息出现时，错误信息效应会加剧的这一发现（Chan、Thomas和Bulevich，《心理科学》20：66 - 73，2009）。在本研究中，我们检验了与RES相关的三个假设。首先，我们考察了关键细节的检索对于RES效应是否必要。其次，我们考察了初始测试是否会影响在事件后信息处理过程中对关键细节的注意力分配。最后，我们考察了RES是否会导致对最初所学信息的提取受损。我们在三个实验中比较了三组参与者：相同测试组、相关测试组和标准错误信息组。两个测试组在引入错误信息之前都对原始事件进行了测试；然而，相同测试组在错误信息前后进行相同的测试，而相关测试组在错误信息前后进行不同的测试。我们发现，在误导性的事件后信息之前进行测试会影响对事件后叙述中细节的注意力分配。此外，通过改良的自由回忆测试测量，RES效应并未伴随着对原始信息提取能力的降低。这些数据对于测试如何促进新学习具有启示意义。
