Zentall Thomas R
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Evol Psychol. 2013;11(3):573-90. doi: 10.1177/147470491301100307.
It has been proposed by some that only humans have the ability to mentally travel back in time (i.e., have episodic memory) and forward in time (i.e., have the ability to simulate the future). However, there is evidence from a variety of nonhuman animals (e.g., primates, dolphins, scrub jays, rats, and pigeons) that they have some ability to recover personal memories of what-where-when an event occurred (an earlier requirement of the ability to recover an episodic memory) and answer unexpected questions (another requirement to distinguish between semantic and episodic memory). Also, perhaps more critically, according to Tulving’s more recent definition of mental time-travel, several animals (primates and scrub jays) have been shown to be able to pass the spoon test. That is, they are able to plan for the future. Thus, although humans show an advanced ability to mentally travel backward and forward in time, there is growing evidence that nonhuman animals have some of this capacity as well.
一些人提出，只有人类有能力在心理上进行时光回溯（即拥有情景记忆）和时光前瞻（即有能力模拟未来）。然而，来自各种非人类动物（如灵长类动物、海豚、灌丛鸦、大鼠和鸽子）的证据表明，它们有一定能力恢复关于事件发生的时间、地点、何事的个人记忆（这是恢复情景记忆能力的早期要求），并回答意想不到的问题（区分语义记忆和情景记忆的另一个要求）。此外，或许更关键的是，根据图尔文对心理时光旅行的最新定义，几种动物（灵长类动物和灌丛鸦）已被证明能够通过勺子测试。也就是说，它们有能力为未来做计划。因此，尽管人类在心理上进行时光回溯和前瞻的能力很强，但越来越多的证据表明，非人类动物也具备这种能力的一部分。
