Nayak Debasis, Zinselmeyer Bernd H, Corps Kara N, McGavern Dorian B
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA.
Intravital. 2012;1(2):95-106. doi: 10.4161/intv.22823.
The innate immune system is comprised of cellular sentinels that often serve as the first responders to injury and invading pathogens. Our basic understanding of innate immunity is derived from research conducted in peripheral lymphoid tissues. However, it is now recognized that most non-lymphoid tissues throughout the body are equipped with specialized innate immune cells that are uniquely adapted to the niches in which they reside. The central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly interesting compartment because it contains a population of post-mitotic cells (neurons) that are intolerant of robust, cytopathic inflammatory responses observed in many peripheral tissues. Thus, evolutionary adaptations have fitted the CNS with a unique array of innate immune sentinels that facilitate the development of local inflammatory responses but attempt to do so in a manner that preserves the integrity of its post-mitotic residents. Interestingly, studies have even suggested that CNS resident innate immune cells contribute to the homeostasis of this compartment and promote neural activity. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of CNS innate immune sentinels and how novel imaging approaches such as intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) have shed light on these cells during states of health and disease.
先天性免疫系统由细胞哨兵组成，这些细胞哨兵通常是损伤和入侵病原体的第一反应者。我们对先天性免疫的基本理解来自于在外周淋巴组织中进行的研究。然而，现在人们认识到，全身大多数非淋巴组织都配备有专门的先天性免疫细胞，这些细胞独特地适应于它们所驻留的微环境。中枢神经系统（CNS）是一个特别有趣的区域，因为它包含一群有丝分裂后细胞（神经元），这些细胞无法耐受在许多外周组织中观察到的强烈的细胞病变性炎症反应。因此，进化适应使中枢神经系统配备了一系列独特的先天性免疫哨兵，这些哨兵促进局部炎症反应的发展，但试图以一种保护其有丝分裂后细胞完整性的方式来实现。有趣的是，研究甚至表明，中枢神经系统驻留的先天性免疫细胞有助于该区域的稳态并促进神经活动。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了我们对中枢神经系统先天性免疫哨兵理解的最新进展，以及诸如活体双光子激光扫描显微镜（TPLSM）等新型成像方法如何在健康和疾病状态下揭示这些细胞。
