Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
BMC Plant Biol. 2013 Oct 4;13:149. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-149.
Cultivated grapevines, Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa, evolved from their wild relative, V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris. They were domesticated in Central Asia in the absence of the powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe necator, which is thought to have originated in North America. However, powdery mildew resistance has previously been discovered in two Central Asian cultivars and in Chinese Vitis species.
A set of 380 unique genotypes were evaluated with data generated from 34 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The set included 306 V. vinifera cultivars, 40 accessions of V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris, and 34 accessions of Vitis species from northern Pakistan, Afghanistan and China. Based on the presence of four SSR alleles previously identified as linked to the powdery mildew resistance locus, Ren1, 10 new mildew resistant genotypes were identified in the test set: eight were V. vinifera cultivars and two were V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris based on flower and seed morphology. Sequence comparison of a 620 bp region that includes the Ren1-linked allele (143 bp) of the co-segregating SSR marker SC8-0071-014, revealed that the ten newly identified genotypes have sequences that are essentially identical to the previously identified mildew resistant V. vinifera cultivars: 'Kishmish vatkana' and 'Karadzhandal'. Kinship analysis determined that three of the newly identified powdery mildew resistant accessions had a relationship with 'Kishmish vatkana' and 'Karadzhandal', and that six were not related to any other accession in this study set. Clustering procedures assigned accessions into three groups: 1) Chinese species; 2) a mixed group of cultivated and wild V. vinifera; and 3) table grape cultivars, including nine of the powdery mildew resistant accessions. Gene flow was detected among the groups.
This study provides evidence that powdery mildew resistance is present in V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris, the dioecious wild progenitor of the cultivated grape. Four first-degree parent progeny relationships were discovered among the hermaphroditic powdery mildew resistant cultivars, supporting the existence of intentional grape breeding efforts. Although several Chinese grape species are resistant to powdery mildew, no direct genetic link to the resistance found in V. vinifera could be established.
栽培的葡萄，Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa，源自其野生亲缘种 V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris。它们在中亚地区被驯化，当时还没有粉霉病真菌 Erysiphe necator，而这种真菌据认为起源于北美洲。然而，此前已在两个中亚品种和中国的一些葡萄物种中发现了抗粉霉病特性。
用 34 个简单序列重复（SSR）标记生成的数据评估了一组 380 个独特基因型。该组包括 306 个酿酒葡萄品种、40 个 V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris 品种和来自巴基斯坦北部、阿富汗和中国的 34 个葡萄物种品种。根据先前确定的与粉霉病抗性基因座 Ren1 连锁的四个 SSR 等位基因的存在，在测试集中发现了 10 种新的抗粉霉病基因型：8 种是酿酒葡萄品种，2 种是 V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris，依据其花和种子形态。对包含与 Ren1 连锁的 SSR 标记 SC8-0071-014 共分离的 620 bp 区域的序列进行比较，结果表明，这 10 个新鉴定的基因型的序列与先前鉴定的抗粉霉病酿酒葡萄品种“Kishmish vatkana”和“Karadzhandal”基本相同。亲缘关系分析表明，新鉴定的 3 种抗粉霉病品种与“Kishmish vatkana”和“Karadzhandal”有关，而其余 6 种与本研究中的其他品种均无关系。聚类程序将品种分为三组：1）中国物种；2）栽培和野生 V. vinifera 的混合组；3）包括 9 个抗粉霉病品种在内的鲜食葡萄品种。在组间检测到基因流。
本研究提供了证据表明，粉霉病抗性存在于 V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris 中，这是栽培葡萄的两性花野生祖先。在两性抗粉霉病品种中发现了 4 种一级亲本后代关系，支持了有目的的葡萄育种工作的存在。尽管一些中国葡萄物种对粉霉病具有抗性，但无法与 V. vinifera 中的抗性建立直接的遗传联系。
