Paineau Manon, Zaccheo Mirella, Massonnet Mélanie, Cantu Dario
Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
J Exp Bot. 2024 Nov 2. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erae450.
The future sustainability of viticulture depends on the development of grapevine cultivars with genetic resistance to diseases such as powdery mildew, downy mildew, and Pierce's disease. Recent advances in grape and pathogen genomics have dramatically improved our approach to durable disease resistance. The availability of diploid genome references for wild species, combined with the ability to phase resistance haplotypes and conduct genome-wide association and expression analyses, has greatly enhanced our ability to dissect genetic resistance loci. This progress is yielding candidate genes that will form the foundation for precise breeding, gene stacking, and genome editing in grape improvement programs. As resistance genes are deployed in vineyards, pathogen populations evolve to adapt and evade these defenses, posing ongoing challenges. Understanding the adaptive mechanisms of grapevine pathogens in response to resistant cultivars is crucial. Grape pathogenomics is advancing rapidly, marked by the sequencing of many pathogen genomes, the discovery of effectors, including the first ones responsible for disease resistance breakdown, and the development of graph-based pangenomes. These advancements offer valuable insights into pathogen evolution and inform strategies for sustainable disease management. Together, these genomic tools and insights are paving the way for developing resilient grapevine varieties, ensuring the long-term sustainability of viticulture.
葡萄栽培的未来可持续性取决于培育出对白粉病、霜霉病和皮尔氏病等病害具有遗传抗性的葡萄品种。葡萄和病原菌基因组学的最新进展极大地改进了我们实现持久抗病性的方法。野生二倍体基因组参考序列的可用性，加上对抗性单倍型进行分型以及开展全基因组关联分析和表达分析的能力，大大增强了我们剖析遗传抗性位点的能力。这一进展正在产生候选基因，这些基因将为葡萄改良计划中的精准育种、基因叠加和基因组编辑奠定基础。随着抗性基因在葡萄园中的应用，病原菌种群会不断进化以适应并规避这些防御机制，从而带来持续的挑战。了解葡萄病原菌针对抗性品种的适应机制至关重要。葡萄病原菌基因组学正在迅速发展，其标志是许多病原菌基因组的测序、效应子的发现，包括首个导致抗病性丧失的效应子，以及基于图谱的泛基因组的开发。这些进展为病原菌进化提供了宝贵的见解，并为可持续病害管理提供了策略依据。总之，这些基因组工具和见解正在为培育具有抗性的葡萄品种铺平道路，确保葡萄栽培的长期可持续性。
