Psychology, School of Social Science and Human Services, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2014 Jan;117:92-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.003. Epub 2013 Oct 19.
Perceiving possibilities for action-affordances-requires sensitivity, accuracy, and consistency. In the current study, we tested children of different ages (16-month-olds to 7-year-olds) and adults to examine the development of affordance perception for reaching through openings of various sizes. Using a psychophysical procedure, we estimated individual affordance functions to characterize participants' actual ability to fit their hand through openings and individual decision functions to characterize attempts to reach. Decisions were less accurate in younger children (16-month-olds to 5-year-olds); they were more likely to attempt impossible openings and to touch openings prior to refusing, suggesting a slow developmental trend in learning to perceive affordances for fitting through openings. However, analyses of multiple outcome measures revealed that the youngest participants were equally consistent in their decision making as the oldest ones and that every age group showed sensitivity to changes in the environment by scaling their attempts to opening size.
感知行动可能性-需要敏感性、准确性和一致性。在本研究中，我们测试了不同年龄的儿童（16 个月至 7 岁）和成年人，以研究通过不同大小的开口进行伸手的能力的发展。使用心理物理程序，我们估计了个人的可及性功能，以描述参与者实际通过开口的能力，以及个人决策功能，以描述尝试伸手的情况。在年幼的儿童（16 个月至 5 岁）中，决策的准确性较低；他们更有可能尝试不可能的开口，并在拒绝之前触摸开口，这表明在学习通过开口感知可及性方面存在发展趋势较慢。然而，对多种结果测量的分析表明，最年轻的参与者在决策制定方面与最年长的参与者同样一致，并且每个年龄组都通过调整他们对开口大小的尝试来对环境变化表现出敏感性。
